Martinez Kristina B, Leone Vanessa, Chang Eugene B
a Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition , Department of Medicine , University of Chicago , Chicago IL , USA.
Gut Microbes. 2017 Mar 4;8(2):130-142. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1270811. Epub 2017 Jan 6.
Obesity afflicts 36.5% of the US population and 600 million individuals world-wide. Thus, it is imperative to understand the risk factors underlying metabolic disease including diet, activity level, sleep, and genetics. Another key contributory factor is the gut microbiota given its widely reported role in the development of metabolic disease. The gut microbiota, particularly its structure and function, is heavily influenced by Western style diets rich in a complex mixture of fats and high in simple sugars. In this review, the profound impact of obesity and Western diets on the gut microbiota will be illustrated, and the following research questions will be addressed: 1) to what extent do high fat diets (HFDs) alter community membership and function and does this depend upon the amount or type of fat consumed?, 2) how rapidly do dietary shifts alter gut microbial communities?, 3) are these alterations sustained or can the microbiome recover from dietary stress?, 4) how does diet drive host-microbe interactions leading to obesity?, and 5) what can be done to restore the detrimental impact of HFD on the gut microbiota? The goal of this review is to address these questions by parsing out the effects and underlying mechanisms of how Western diets impact the gut microbiota and host. By doing so, potential avenues for further exploration and strategies for microbiome-based interventions to prevent or treat diet-induced obesity may become more apparent.
肥胖困扰着36.5%的美国人口以及全球6亿人。因此，了解包括饮食、活动水平、睡眠和基因在内的代谢疾病潜在风险因素至关重要。另一个关键因素是肠道微生物群，因为其在代谢疾病发展中的作用已被广泛报道。肠道微生物群，尤其是其结构和功能，受到富含复杂脂肪混合物和高单糖的西式饮食的严重影响。在这篇综述中，将阐述肥胖和西式饮食对肠道微生物群的深远影响，并探讨以下研究问题：1）高脂饮食（HFDs）在多大程度上改变群落组成和功能，这是否取决于所摄入脂肪的量或类型？2）饮食变化多快会改变肠道微生物群落？3）这些改变是持续的，还是微生物群可以从饮食压力中恢复？4）饮食如何驱动宿主与微生物的相互作用导致肥胖？5）如何恢复高脂饮食对肠道微生物群的有害影响？这篇综述的目的是通过剖析西式饮食影响肠道微生物群和宿主的作用及潜在机制来解决这些问题。通过这样做，进一步探索的潜在途径以及基于微生物群的干预措施来预防或治疗饮食诱导的肥胖的策略可能会更加明显。
