Schneider Catharina, Rollitz Laura, Voracek Martin, Hennig-Fast Kristina
Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria.
Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria.
Front Psychol. 2016 Dec 21;7:1992. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01992. eCollection 2016.
The drive for muscularity and associated behaviors (e.g., exercising and dieting) are of growing importance for men in Western societies. In its extreme form, it can lead to body image concerns and harmful behaviors like over-exercising and the misuse of performance-enhancing substances. Therefore, investigating factors associated with the drive for muscularity, especially in vulnerable populations like bodybuilders and weight trainers can help identify potential risk and protective factors for body image problems. Using a biopsychosocial framework, the aim of the current study was to explore different factors associated with drive for muscularity in weight-training men. To this purpose, German-speaking male weight trainers ( = 248) completed an online survey to determine the extent to which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contribute to drive for muscularity and its related attitudes and behaviors. Using multiple regression models, findings showed that media ideal body internalization was the strongest positive predictor for drive for muscularity, while age ( = 25.9, = 7.4) held the strongest negative association with drive for muscularity. Dissatisfaction with muscularity, but not with body fat, was related to drive for muscularity. The fat-free mass index, a quantification of the actual degree of muscularity of a person, significantly predicted drive for muscularity-related behavior but not attitudes. Body-related aspects of self-esteem, but not global self-esteem, were significant negative predictors of drive for muscularity. Since internalization of media body ideals presented the highest predictive value for drive for muscularity, these findings suggest that media body ideal internalizations may be a risk factor for body image concerns in men, leading, in its most extreme form to disordered eating or muscle dysmorphia. Future research should investigate the relations between drive for muscularity, age, body composition, internalization, dissatisfaction with muscularity and body-related self-esteem using longitudinal study designs. Limitations concern the cross-sectional design of the study, self-reported body composition measures and the homogeneity of the sample.
在西方社会，男性对肌肉发达的追求以及相关行为（如锻炼和节食）的重要性日益增加。在极端情况下，它可能导致对身体形象的担忧以及过度锻炼和滥用增强性能物质等有害行为。因此，研究与肌肉发达追求相关的因素，特别是在健美运动员和举重运动员等易受影响人群中，可以帮助识别身体形象问题的潜在风险和保护因素。本研究采用生物心理社会框架，旨在探讨与举重男性肌肉发达追求相关的不同因素。为此，说德语的男性举重运动员（n = 248）完成了一项在线调查，以确定生物、心理和社会文化因素在多大程度上促成了肌肉发达追求及其相关态度和行为。使用多元回归模型，研究结果表明，媒体理想身体内化是肌肉发达追求的最强正向预测因素，而年龄（M = 25.9，SD = 7.4）与肌肉发达追求的负相关最强。对肌肉发达不满意，但对体脂不满意与肌肉发达追求无关。无脂肪质量指数，即对一个人实际肌肉发达程度的量化，显著预测了与肌肉发达相关的行为，但不能预测态度。自尊的身体相关方面，而非总体自尊，是肌肉发达追求的显著负向预测因素。由于媒体身体理想内化对肌肉发达追求具有最高的预测价值，这些发现表明，媒体身体理想内化可能是男性身体形象问题的一个风险因素，在极端情况下会导致饮食失调或肌肉畸形症。未来的研究应该使用纵向研究设计来调查肌肉发达追求、年龄、身体成分、内化、对肌肉发达的不满以及身体相关自尊之间的关系。局限性在于研究的横断面设计、自我报告的身体成分测量以及样本的同质性。
