Chilkoor Govinda, Upadhyayula Venkata K K, Gadhamshetty Venkataramana, Koratkar Nikhil, Tysklind Mats
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA.
Green Technologies and Environmental, Economics Platform, Department of Chemistry (Environmental Chemistry), Umea University, Umea, SE 90187, Sweden.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2017 Feb 22;19(2):141-153. doi: 10.1039/c6em00552g.
Biodiesel is a widely used fuel that meets the renewable fuel standards developed under the Energy Policy Act of 2005. However, biodiesel is known to pose a series of abiotic and biotic corrosion risks to storage tanks. A typical practice (incumbent system) used to protect the tanks from these risks include (i) coating the interior surface of the tank with a solvent-free epoxy (SFE) liner, and (ii) adding a biocide to the tank. Herein, we present a screening-level life-cycle assessment study to compare the environmental performance of a graphene oxide (GO)-epoxy (GOE) liner with the incumbent system. TRACI was used as an impact assessment tool to model the midpoint environmental impacts in ten categories: global warming potential (GWP, kg CO eq.); acidification potential (AP, kg SO eq.); potential human health damage impacts due to carcinogens (HH-CP, CTU) and non-carcinogens (HH-NCP, CTU); potential respiratory effects (REP, kg PM eq.); eutrophication potential (EP, kg N eq.); ozone depletion potential (ODP kg CFC-11 eq.); ecotoxicity potential (ETXP, CTU); smog formation potential (SFP kg O eq.) and fossil fuel depletion potential (FFDP MJ surplus). The equivalent functional unit of the LCA study was designed to protect 30 m of the interior surface (unalloyed steel sheet) of a 10 000 liter biodiesel tank against abiotic and biotic corrosion during its service life of 20 years. Overall, this LCA study highlights the improved environmental performance for the GOE liner compared to the incumbent system, whereby the GOE liner showed 91% lower impacts in ODP impact category, 59% smaller in REP, 62% smaller in AP, 67-69% smaller in GWP and HH-CP, 72-76% smaller in EP, SFP, and FFDP, and 81-83% smaller ETXP and HH-NCP category results. The scenario analysis study revealed that these potential impacts change by less than 15% when the GOE liners are functionalized with silanized-GO nanosheets or GO-reinforced polyvinyl carbazole to improve the antimicrobial properties. The results from an uncertainty analysis indicated that the impacts for the incumbent system were more sensitive to changes in the key modeling parameters compared to that for the GOE liner system.
生物柴油是一种广泛使用的燃料，符合根据2005年《能源政策法案》制定的可再生燃料标准。然而，众所周知，生物柴油会对储存罐造成一系列非生物和生物腐蚀风险。用于保护罐体免受这些风险的典型做法（现有系统）包括：（i）用无溶剂环氧（SFE）衬里涂覆罐体的内表面，以及（ii）向罐体内添加杀生剂。在此，我们进行了一项筛选级生命周期评估研究，以比较氧化石墨烯（GO）-环氧（GOE）衬里与现有系统的环境性能。TRACI被用作影响评估工具，对十个类别的中点环境影响进行建模：全球变暖潜势（GWP，kg CO₂ 当量）；酸化潜势（AP，kg SO₂ 当量）；致癌物导致的潜在人类健康损害影响（HH-CP，CTU）和非致癌物导致的潜在人类健康损害影响（HH-NCP，CTU）；潜在呼吸影响（REP，kg PM₂.₅ 当量）；富营养化潜势（EP，kg N当量）；臭氧消耗潜势（ODP，kg CFC-11当量）；生态毒性潜势（ETXP，CTU）；烟雾形成潜势（SFP，kg O₃ 当量）和化石燃料耗竭潜势（FFDP，MJ盈余）。生命周期评估研究的等效功能单元设计为在10000升生物柴油罐的20年使用寿命期间，保护30平方米的内表面（非合金钢薄板）免受非生物和生物腐蚀。总体而言，这项生命周期评估研究突出了与现有系统相比，GOE衬里具有更好的环境性能，其中GOE衬里在ODP影响类别中的影响降低了91%，在REP中降低了59%，在AP中降低了62%，在GWP和HH-CP中降低了67 - 69%，在EP、SFP和FFDP中降低了72 - 76%，在ETXP和HH-NCP类别结果中降低了81 - 83%。情景分析研究表明，当用硅烷化GO纳米片或GO增强聚乙烯咔唑对GOE衬里进行功能化以改善抗菌性能时，这些潜在影响的变化小于15%。不确定性分析的结果表明，与GOE衬里系统相比，现有系统的影响对关键建模参数的变化更敏感。
