SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SSRL Materials Sciences Division, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Materials Science Center, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA.
Nat Commun. 2017 Jan 17;8:14075. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14075.
Lead halide perovskites have emerged as successful optoelectronic materials with high photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies and low material cost. However, substantial challenges remain in the scalability, stability and fundamental understanding of the materials. Here we present the application of radiative thermal annealing, an easily scalable processing method for synthesizing formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI) perovskite solar absorbers. Devices fabricated from films formed via radiative thermal annealing have equivalent efficiencies to those annealed using a conventional hotplate. By coupling results from in situ X-ray diffraction using a radiative thermal annealing system with device performances, we mapped the processing phase space of FAPbI and corresponding device efficiencies. Our map of processing-structure-performance space suggests the commonly used FAPbI annealing time, 10 min at 170 °C, can be significantly reduced to 40 s at 170 °C without affecting the photovoltaic performance. The Johnson-Mehl-Avrami model was used to determine the activation energy for decomposition of FAPbI into PbI.
卤铅钙钛矿已成为高效光电材料，其光电转换效率高，材料成本低。然而，在材料的可扩展性、稳定性和基础理解方面仍存在重大挑战。在这里，我们介绍了辐射热退火的应用，这是一种用于合成甲脒碘化铅（FAPbI）钙钛矿太阳能吸收体的易于扩展的处理方法。通过辐射热退火形成的薄膜制成的器件与使用传统热板退火的器件具有等效的效率。通过将使用辐射热退火系统的原位 X 射线衍射的结果与器件性能相结合，我们绘制了 FAPbI 的处理相空间及其相应的器件效率图。我们的处理-结构-性能空间图表明，通常使用的 FAPbI 退火时间，在 170°C 下 10 分钟，可以显著缩短至 170°C 下的 40 秒，而不会影响光伏性能。使用 Johnson-Mehl-Avrami 模型确定了 FAPbI 分解为 PbI 的分解活化能。
