Queen Mary, University of London , Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom.
Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante , s/n-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.
Chem Rev. 2017 Feb 8;117(3):1796-1825. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00505. Epub 2017 Jan 17.
Climate change, global warming, urban air pollution, energy supply uncertainty and depletion, and rising costs of conventional energy sources are, among others, potential socioeconomic threats that our community faces today. Transportation is one of the primary sectors contributing to oil consumption and global warming, and natural gas (NG) is considered to be a relatively clean transportation fuel that can significantly improve local air quality, reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, and decrease the energy dependency on oil sources. Internal combustion engines (ignited or compression) require only slight modifications for use with natural gas; rather, the main problem is the relatively short driving distance of natural-gas-powered vehicles due to the lack of an appropriate storage method for the gas, which has a low energy density. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has set some targets for NG storage capacity to obtain a reasonable driving range in automotive applications, ruling out the option of storing methane at cryogenic temperatures. In recent years, both academia and industry have foreseen the storage of natural gas by adsorption (ANG) in porous materials, at relatively low pressures and ambient temperatures, as a solution to this difficult problem. This review presents recent developments in the search for novel porous materials with high methane storage capacities. Within this scenario, both carbon-based materials and metal-organic frameworks are considered to be the most promising materials for natural gas storage, as they exhibit properties such as large surface areas and micropore volumes, that favor a high adsorption capacity for natural gas. Recent advancements, technological issues, advantages, and drawbacks involved in natural gas storage in these two classes of materials are also summarized. Further, an overview of the recent developments and technical challenges in storing natural gas as hydrates in wetted porous carbon materials is also included. Finally, an analysis of design factors and technical issues that need to be considered before adapting vehicles to ANG technology is also presented.
气候变化、全球变暖、城市空气污染、能源供应的不确定性和枯竭以及传统能源成本的上升等都是我们社会目前面临的潜在社会经济威胁。交通是导致石油消耗和全球变暖的主要部门之一，而天然气（NG）被认为是一种相对清洁的交通燃料，可以显著改善当地空气质量、减少温室气体排放，并降低对石油资源的能源依赖。内燃机（点燃式或压燃式）只需稍加修改即可使用天然气；相反，主要问题是由于缺乏适当的气体储存方法，导致天然气动力车辆的行驶距离相对较短，因为天然气的能量密度较低。美国能源部（DOE）为 NG 储存能力设定了一些目标，以在汽车应用中获得合理的行驶里程，排除了在低温下储存甲烷的选择。近年来，学术界和工业界都预见到可以通过吸附（ANG）在多孔材料中储存天然气，这是解决这个难题的一种方法。该综述介绍了近年来寻找具有高甲烷储存能力的新型多孔材料的最新进展。在这种情况下，碳基材料和金属有机骨架都被认为是天然气储存最有前途的材料，因为它们具有大的比表面积和微孔体积等特性，有利于天然气的高吸附能力。还总结了这两类材料在天然气储存方面的最新进展、技术问题、优点和缺点。此外，还包括在湿多孔碳材料中储存天然气水合物的最新发展和技术挑战的概述。最后，还分析了在适应 ANG 技术之前需要考虑的设计因素和技术问题。
