Mudd Austin T, Dilger Ryan N
Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory.
Neuroscience Program.
Adv Nutr. 2017 Jan 17;8(1):92-104. doi: 10.3945/an.116.013243. Print 2017 Jan.
Optimal nutrition early in life is critical to ensure proper structural and functional development of infant organ systems. Although pediatric nutrition historically has emphasized research on the relation between nutrition, growth rates, and gastrointestinal maturation, efforts increasingly have focused on how nutrition influences neurodevelopment. The provision of human milk is considered the gold standard in pediatric nutrition; thus, there is interest in understanding how functional nutrients and bioactive components in milk may modulate developmental processes. The piglet has emerged as an important translational model for studying neurodevelopmental outcomes influenced by pediatric nutrition. Given the comparable nutritional requirements and strikingly similar brain developmental patterns between young pigs and humans, the piglet is being used increasingly in developmental nutritional neuroscience studies. The piglet primarily has been used to assess the effects of dietary fatty acids and their accretion in the brain throughout neurodevelopment. However, recent research indicates that other dietary components, including choline, iron, cholesterol, gangliosides, and sialic acid, among other compounds, also affect neurodevelopment in the pig model. Moreover, novel analytical techniques, including but not limited to MRI, behavioral assessments, and molecular quantification, allow for a more holistic understanding of how nutrition affects neurodevelopmental patterns. By combining early-life nutritional interventions with innovative analytical approaches, opportunities abound to quantify factors affecting neurodevelopmental trajectories in the neonate. This review discusses research using the translational pig model with primary emphasis on early-life nutrition interventions assessing neurodevelopment outcomes, while also discussing nutritionally-sensitive methods to characterize brain maturation.
生命早期的最佳营养对于确保婴儿器官系统的正常结构和功能发育至关重要。尽管儿科营养在历史上一直强调对营养、生长速率和胃肠道成熟之间关系的研究，但人们越来越关注营养如何影响神经发育。母乳的提供被认为是儿科营养的金标准；因此，人们有兴趣了解母乳中的功能性营养素和生物活性成分如何调节发育过程。仔猪已成为研究受儿科营养影响的神经发育结果的重要转化模型。鉴于幼猪和人类之间可比的营养需求和惊人相似的大脑发育模式，仔猪在发育营养神经科学研究中的应用越来越广泛。仔猪主要用于评估膳食脂肪酸及其在整个神经发育过程中在大脑中的积累的影响。然而，最近的研究表明，其他膳食成分，包括胆碱、铁、胆固醇、神经节苷脂和唾液酸等化合物，也会影响猪模型中的神经发育。此外，包括但不限于MRI、行为评估和分子定量在内的新型分析技术，使人们能够更全面地了解营养如何影响神经发育模式。通过将生命早期的营养干预与创新的分析方法相结合，量化影响新生儿神经发育轨迹的因素的机会很多。本综述讨论了使用转化猪模型的研究，主要侧重于评估神经发育结果的生命早期营养干预，同时也讨论了表征大脑成熟的营养敏感方法。
