Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
Adv Nutr. 2012 Sep 1;3(5):687-96. doi: 10.3945/an.112.002683.
Dietary nutrients are essential for gastrointestinal (GI) growth and function, and nutritional support of GI growth and development is a significant component of infant care. For healthy full-term neonates, nutritional provisions of the mother's milk and/or formula will support normal maturation of structure and function of the GI tract in most infants. The composition of breast milk affects GI barrier function and development of a competent mucosal immune system. The functional nutrients and other bioactive components of milk support a microenvironment for gut protection and maturation. However, premature infants struggle with feeding tolerance impairing normal GI function, leading to intestinal dysfunction and even death. The high prevalence worldwide of enteric diseases and dysfunction in neonates has led to much interest in understanding the role of nutrients and food components in the establishment and maintenance of a functioning GI tract. Neonates who do not receive enteral feeding as either mother's milk or formula are supported by total parental nutrition (TPN). The lack of enteral nutrition can compound intestinal dysfunction, leading to high morbidity and mortality in intestinally compromised infants. Reciprocally, enteral stimulation of an immature GI tract can also compound intestinal dysfunction. Therefore, further understanding of nutrient interactions with the mucosa is necessary to define nutritional requirements of the developing GI tract to minimize intestinal complications and infant morbidity. Piglet models of intestinal development and function are similar to humans, and this review summarizes recent findings regarding nutrient requirements for growth and maintenance of intestinal health. In particular, this article reviews the role of specific amino acids (arginine, glutamine, glutamate, and threonine), fatty acids (long chain polyunsaturated, medium chain, and short chain), various prebiotic carbohydrates (short-chain fructo-oligosaccharide, fructo--oligosaccharide, lacto-N-neotetraose, human milk oligosaccharide, polydextrose, and galacto-oligosaccharide), and probiotics that have been examined in the suckling piglet model of intestinal health.
膳食营养素对于胃肠道（GI）的生长和功能至关重要，而对 GI 生长和发育的营养支持是婴儿护理的重要组成部分。对于健康的足月新生儿，母乳和/或配方奶的营养供给将支持大多数婴儿胃肠道结构和功能的正常成熟。母乳的成分会影响 GI 屏障功能和有能力的黏膜免疫系统的发育。牛奶中的功能性营养素和其他生物活性成分为肠道保护和成熟提供了微环境。然而，早产儿在喂养耐受方面存在困难，这会损害正常的 GI 功能，导致肠道功能障碍甚至死亡。全世界范围内新生儿肠道疾病和功能障碍的高患病率促使人们非常关注了解营养素和食物成分在建立和维持正常胃肠道功能中的作用。那些既没有接受母乳喂养也没有接受配方奶喂养的早产儿通过全胃肠外营养（TPN）得到支持。缺乏肠内营养会使肠道功能障碍更加复杂，导致肠道受损婴儿的发病率和死亡率升高。相反，不成熟的胃肠道的肠内刺激也会使肠道功能障碍复杂化。因此，有必要进一步了解营养素与黏膜的相互作用，以确定发育中胃肠道的营养需求，最大限度地减少肠道并发症和婴儿发病率。仔猪的肠道发育和功能模型与人类相似，本综述总结了最近关于生长和维持肠道健康所需的营养要求的研究结果。特别是，本文综述了特定氨基酸（精氨酸、谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸和苏氨酸）、脂肪酸（长链多不饱和脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸和短链脂肪酸）、各种益生元碳水化合物（短链果糖-低聚糖、果寡糖、乳-N-新四糖、人乳寡糖、聚右旋糖和半乳糖-低聚糖）以及益生菌在肠道健康仔猪模型中的作用。
