Pathological consequences of MICU1 mutations on mitochondrial calcium signalling and bioenergetics.

Loss of function mutations of the protein MICU1, a regulator of mitochondrial Ca uptake, cause a neuronal and muscular disorder characterised by impaired cognition, muscle weakness and an extrapyramidal motor disorder. We have shown previously that MICU1 mutations cause increased resting mitochondrial Ca concentration ([Ca]). We now explore the functional consequences of MICU1 mutations in patient derived fibroblasts in order to clarify the underlying pathophysiology of this disorder. We propose that deregulation of mitochondrial Ca uptake through loss of MICU1 raises resting [Ca], initiating a futile Ca cycle, whereby continuous mitochondrial Ca influx is balanced by Ca efflux through the sodium calcium exchanger (NLCX). Thus, inhibition of NCLX by CGP-37157 caused rapid mitochondrial Ca accumulation in patient but not control cells. We suggest that increased NCLX activity will increase sodium/proton exchange, potentially undermining oxidative phosphorylation, although this is balanced by dephosphorylation and activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in response to the increased [Ca]. Consistent with this model, while ATP content in patient derived or control fibroblasts was not different, ATP increased significantly in response to CGP-37157 in the patient but not the control cells. In addition, EMRE expression levels were altered in MICU1 patient cells compared to the controls. The MICU1 mutations were associated with mitochondrial fragmentation which we show is related to altered DRP1 phosphorylation. Thus, MICU1 serves as a signal-noise discriminator in mitochondrial calcium signalling, limiting the energetic costs of mitochondrial Ca signalling which may undermine oxidative phosphorylation, especially in tissues with highly dynamic energetic demands. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.