Department of Health Systems Management, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, D.N. Emek Yezreel, 19300, Jezreel Valley, Israel.
Sci Eng Ethics. 2019 Aug;25(4):1007-1016. doi: 10.1007/s11948-017-9875-5. Epub 2017 Feb 2.
A recent article on the front page of The Independent (September 18, 2015) reported that the genetic 'manipulation' of IVF embryos is to start in Britain, using a new revolutionary gene-editing technique, called Crispr/Cas9. About three weeks later (Saturday 10, October 2015), on the front page of the same newspaper, it was reported that the National Health Service (NHS) faces a one billion pound deficit only 3 months into the new year. The hidden connection between these reports is that gene editing could be used to solve issues related to health care allocation. Improving the health of future generations might coincide with public health goals; it might improve the health of individuals and communities, and, if successful, might be seen as a public good. However, enhancing future generations will require In Vitro Fertilisation and Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis. Remarkably, the necessary involvement of women in an enhancing scenario has not been discussed by its proponents. The present discourse on moral obligations of future generations, although not referring to women, seems to imply that women might be required, morally, if not legally, to reproduce with IVF. Enhancing future generations will be gendered, unless the artificial womb is developed. These are challenging issues that require a wider perspective, of both women and men. Despite the lack of a unified feminist conclusion in the discussions about the merits and risks of human genome modification, there is an urgent need to clarify the role of women in this scenario.
《独立报》(2015 年 9 月 18 日)头版的一篇近期文章报道称,英国将开始使用一种名为 Crispr/Cas9 的新型革命性基因编辑技术对试管婴儿胚胎进行基因“操纵”。大约三周后(2015 年 10 月 10 日星期六),在同一家报纸的头版上报道称,国民保健制度(NHS)在新的一年仅 3 个月就面临 10 亿英镑的赤字。这两份报告之间的隐藏联系是,基因编辑可用于解决与医疗保健分配有关的问题。改善后代的健康状况可能符合公共卫生目标;它可能改善个人和社区的健康状况,如果成功,可能被视为一种公共利益。然而,要想提高未来几代人的健康水平,就需要进行体外受精和植入前基因诊断。值得注意的是,其支持者尚未讨论增强未来几代人所需的女性参与。目前关于后代的道德义务的讨论,虽然没有提到女性,但似乎意味着如果不通过法律,女性可能在道德上就有义务通过体外受精来生育。除非人造子宫得到开发,否则增强未来几代人将是有性别区分的。这些都是具有挑战性的问题,需要从女性和男性两个角度来考虑。尽管在关于人类基因组修饰的优点和风险的讨论中缺乏统一的女权主义结论,但迫切需要澄清女性在这种情况下的角色。