Mitochondrial function in Müller cells - Does it matter?

Growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction might play a key role in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative inner retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Therefore, the present review provides a perspective on the impact of functional mitochondria in the most predominant glial cells of the retina, the Müller cells. Müller cells span the entire thickness of the neuroretina and are in close proximity to retinal cells including the retinal neurons that provides visual signaling to the brain. Among multiple functions, Müller cells are responsible for the removal of neurotransmitters, buffering potassium, and providing neurons with essential metabolites. Thus, Müller cells are responsible for a stable metabolic dialogue in the inner retina and their crucial role in supporting retinal neurons is indisputable. Müller cell functions require considerable energy production and previous literature has primarily emphasized glycolysis as the main energy provider. However, recent studies highlight the need of mitochondrial ATP production to upheld Müller cell functions. Therefore, the present review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence on the impact of mitochondrial functions in Müller cells.