Langston P Kent, Shibata Munehiko, Horng Tiffany
Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, MA , USA.
Front Immunol. 2017 Jan 31;8:61. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00061. eCollection 2017.
Macrophages are found in most tissues of the body, where they have tissue- and context-dependent roles in maintaining homeostasis as well as coordinating adaptive responses to various stresses. Their capacity for specialized functions is controlled by polarizing signals, which activate macrophages by upregulating transcriptional programs that encode distinct effector functions. An important conceptual advance in the field of macrophage biology, emerging from recent studies, is that macrophage activation is critically supported by metabolic shifts. Metabolic shifts fuel multiple aspects of macrophage activation, and preventing these shifts impairs appropriate activation. These findings raise the exciting possibility that macrophage functions in various contexts could be regulated by manipulating their metabolism. Here, we review the rapidly evolving field of macrophage metabolism, discussing how polarizing signals trigger metabolic shifts and how these shifts enable appropriate activation and sustain effector activities. We also discuss recent studies indicating that the mitochondria are central hubs in inflammatory macrophage activation.
巨噬细胞存在于人体的大多数组织中，在维持体内平衡以及协调对各种应激的适应性反应方面，它们具有依赖于组织和环境的作用。它们的特殊功能能力由极化信号控制，这些信号通过上调编码不同效应功能的转录程序来激活巨噬细胞。最近的研究在巨噬细胞生物学领域取得的一个重要概念进展是，巨噬细胞的激活受到代谢转变的关键支持。代谢转变为巨噬细胞激活的多个方面提供能量，阻止这些转变会损害适当的激活。这些发现提出了一个令人兴奋的可能性，即可以通过操纵巨噬细胞的代谢来调节其在各种环境中的功能。在这里，我们综述了巨噬细胞代谢这一快速发展的领域，讨论极化信号如何触发代谢转变，以及这些转变如何实现适当的激活并维持效应活动。我们还讨论了最近的研究，这些研究表明线粒体是炎症性巨噬细胞激活的中心枢纽。
