The Effects of Cerium Valence States at Cerium Oxide Coatings on the Responses of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Macrophages.

Ideal orthopedic coatings should trigger good osteogenic response and limited inflammatory response. The cerium valence states in ceria are associated with their anti-oxidative activity and anti-inflammatory property. In the study, we prepared two kinds of plasma sprayed CeO coatings with different Ce concentrations to investigate the effects of Ce valence states on the response of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and macrophage RAW264.7. Both the coatings (CeO-A and CeO-B) were characterized via XRD, SEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The CeO coatings enhanced osteogenic behaviors of BMSCs in terms of cellular proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition activity in comparison with the Ti substrate. In particular, the CeO-B coating (higher Ce concentration) elicited greater effects than the CeO-A coating (higher Ce concentration). RT-PCR and western blot results suggested that the CeO-B coating promoted BMSCs osteogenic differentiation through the SMAD-dependent BMP signaling pathway, which activated Runx2 expression and subsequently enhanced the expression of ALP and OCN. With respect to either CeO-A coating or Ti substrate, the CeO-B coating exerted greater effects on the macrophages, increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1ra) expression and suppressing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and ROS production. Furthermore, it also upregulated the expression of osteoinductive molecules (TGF-β1 and BMP2) in the macrophages. The regulation of cerium valence states at plasma sprayed ceria coatings can be a valuable strategy to improve osteogenic properties and alleviate inflammatory response.