Persynaki Angeliki, Karras Spyridon, Pichard Claude
Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Nutrition. 2017 Mar;35:14-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.005. Epub 2016 Oct 14.
Periodic fasting, under a religious aspect, has been adopted by humans for centuries as a crucial pathway of spiritual purification. Caloric restriction, with or without exclusion of certain types of food, is often a key component. Fasting varies significantly among different populations according to cultural habits and local climate conditions. Religious fasting in terms of patterns (continuous versus intermittent) and duration can vary from 1 to 200 d; thus, the positive and negative impact on health can be considerable. Advantages of religious fasting are claimed by many but have been explored mainly by a limited number of studies conducted in Buddhist, Christian, or Muslim populations. These trials indicate that religious fasting has beneficial effects on body weight and glycemia, cardiometabolic risk markers, and oxidative stress parameters. Animals exposed to a diet mimicking fasting have demonstrated weight loss as well as lowered plasma levels of glucose, triacylglycerols, and insulin growth factor-1, although lean body mass remained stable. Diabetic mice on repeated intermittent fasting had less insulin resistance that mice fed ad libitum. The long-term significance of such changes on global health remains to be explored. This review summarizes the data available with regard to benefits of fasting followed for religious reasons on human health, body anthropometry, and cardio-metabolic risk markers; aims to bridge the current knowledge gap on available evidence and suggests considerations for the future research agenda. Future studies should explore every type of religious fasting, as well as their consequences in subpopulations such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly, or patients with chronic metabolic diseases.
从宗教角度来看，周期性禁食几个世纪以来一直被人类用作精神净化的关键途径。热量限制，无论是否排除某些类型的食物，通常都是一个关键组成部分。根据文化习惯和当地气候条件，不同人群的禁食情况差异很大。宗教禁食在模式（持续禁食与间歇性禁食）和持续时间方面可能从1天到200天不等；因此，对健康的正负影响可能相当大。许多人声称宗教禁食有好处，但主要是在佛教、基督教或穆斯林人群中进行的有限数量的研究对此进行了探讨。这些试验表明，宗教禁食对体重、血糖、心脏代谢风险标志物和氧化应激参数有有益影响。暴露于模拟禁食饮食的动物体重减轻，血浆葡萄糖、三酰甘油和胰岛素生长因子-1水平降低，尽管瘦体重保持稳定。反复间歇性禁食的糖尿病小鼠比自由进食的小鼠胰岛素抵抗更小。这种变化对全球健康的长期意义仍有待探索。本综述总结了关于出于宗教原因禁食对人类健康、身体人体测量学和心脏代谢风险标志物的益处的现有数据；旨在弥合当前关于现有证据的知识差距，并为未来的研究议程提出考虑因素。未来的研究应该探索每种类型的宗教禁食，以及它们对儿童、孕妇和老年人等亚人群或慢性代谢疾病患者的影响。
