Hamann Cara J, Peek-Asa Corinne
University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 145 N. Riverside Drive, S449 CPHB, Iowa City, IA, USA.
University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, 145 N Riverside Dr, S160 CPHB, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Accid Anal Prev. 2017 May;102:1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.017. Epub 2017 Feb 27.
Among roadway users, bicyclists are considered vulnerable due to their high risk for injury when involved in a crash. Little is known about the circumstances leading to near crashes, crashes, and related injuries or how these vary by age and gender. The purpose of this study was to examine the rates and characteristics of safety-relevant events (crashes, near crashes, errors, and traffic violations) among adult and child bicyclists. Bicyclist trips were captured using Pedal Portal, a data acquisition and coding system which includes a GPS-enabled video camera and graphical user interface. A total of 179 safety-relevant events were manually coded from trip videos. Overall, child errors and traffic violations occurred at a rate of 1.9 per 100min of riding, compared to 6.3 for adults. However, children rode on the sidewalk 56.4% of the time, compared with 12.7% for adults. For both adults and children, the highest safety-relevant event rates occurred on paved roadways with no bicycle facilities present (Adults=8.6 and Children=7.2, per 100min of riding). Our study, the first naturalistic study to compare safety-relevant events among adults and children, indicates large variation in riding behavior and exposure between child and adult bicyclists. The majority of identified events were traffic violations and we were not able to code all risk-relevant data (e.g., subtle avoidance behaviors, failure to check for traffic, probability of collision). Future naturalistic cycling studies would benefit from enhanced instrumentation (e.g., additional camera views) and coding protocols able to fill these gaps.
在道路使用者中，骑自行车的人被认为较为脆弱，因为他们在遭遇碰撞时受伤风险很高。对于导致险些碰撞、碰撞以及相关伤害的情况，或者这些情况如何因年龄和性别而有所不同，我们知之甚少。本研究的目的是调查成年和儿童骑自行车者中与安全相关事件（碰撞、险些碰撞、失误和交通违规）的发生率及特征。使用Pedal Portal（一种数据采集和编码系统，包括一个带有全球定位系统的摄像机和图形用户界面）来记录骑自行车者的行程。总共从行程视频中人工编码了179起与安全相关的事件。总体而言，儿童失误和交通违规的发生率为每骑行100分钟1.9次，而成人为每100分钟6.3次。然而，儿童有56.4%的时间在人行道上骑行，而成人这一比例为12.7%。对于成人和儿童来说，与安全相关事件发生率最高的情况出现在没有自行车设施的铺装道路上（成人每骑行100分钟发生率为8.6次，儿童为7.2次）。我们的研究是第一项比较成人和儿童与安全相关事件的自然观察研究，结果表明儿童和成人骑自行车者在骑行行为和暴露风险方面存在很大差异。大多数已识别的事件是交通违规行为，而且我们无法对所有与风险相关的数据进行编码（例如，细微的避让行为、未检查交通情况、碰撞概率）。未来的自然观察骑行研究若能采用增强的仪器设备（如增加摄像头视角）和能够填补这些空白的编码协议，将会从中受益。
