Nutrient-driven -linked -acetylglucosamine (-GlcNAc) cycling impacts neurodevelopmental timing and metabolism.

Nutrient-driven -GlcNAcylation is strikingly abundant in the brain and has been linked to development and neurodegenerative disease. We selectively targeted the -GlcNAcase () gene in the mouse brain to define the role of -GlcNAc cycling in the central nervous system. Brain knockout animals exhibited dramatically increased brain -GlcNAc levels and pleiotropic phenotypes, including early-onset obesity, growth defects, and metabolic dysregulation. Anatomical defects in the knockout included delayed brain differentiation and neurogenesis as well as abnormal proliferation accompanying a developmental delay. The molecular basis for these defects included transcriptional changes accompanying differentiating embryonic stem cells. In KO mouse ES cells, we observed pronounced changes in expression of pluripotency markers, including Sox2, Nanog, and Otx2. These findings link the -GlcNAc modification to mammalian neurogenesis and highlight the role of this nutrient-sensing pathway in developmental plasticity and metabolic homeostasis.