Ducrotoy Marie J, Revie Crawford W, Shaw Alexandra P M, Musa Usman B, Bertu Wilson J, Gusi Amahyel M, Ocholi Reuben A, Majekodunmi Ayodele O, Welburn Susan C
Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
PLoS One. 2017 Mar 3;12(3):e0172866. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172866. eCollection 2017.
A mixed methods study was undertaken in the Kachia Grazing Reserve of northern Nigeria. Surveys in March, June and October 2011 included focus group discussions, key informant and in-depth household interviews, concerning livelihood practices, animal health, ownership, and productivity. In May 2011, 249 Fulani families fleeing post-election violence entered the reserve with their livestock, increasing the number of households by one third.
Despite being settled within a grazing reserve, over half of households sent all their cattle away on seasonal transhumance and another third sent some away. Cattle accounted for 96% of total tropical livestock units (TLU), of which 26% were cattle kept permanently outside the reserve. While all households cited livestock as their main source of income, 90% grew crops and 55% derived income from off-farm activities. A multiple correspondence analysis showed that for each extra member of a household its TLU value increased by 2.0 [95% CI, 1.4-2.7], while for each additional marriage its TLU increased by 15.7 [95% CI, 7.1-24.3]. A strong association was also observed between small herds, small households with only one wife, alongside marked geographical wealth differences within the reserve. New immigrant families had larger household sizes (33) and livestock holdings (122 TLU) than old settlers (22 people and 67 TLU). Prior to the mass immigration, the distribution of TLU per person was unimodal: 41% of households were classified as 'poor' and 27% as 'medium', whereas post-immigration it was bi-modal, with 26% classified as 'very poor' and 28% as 'medium'.
While cattle remain the principal source of Fulani income and wealth, the inhabitants of Kachia Grazing Reserve have diversified their livelihood strategies to respond to changing circumstances and stress, especially the limited availability of grazing within the reserve and political insecurity outside, resulting in continued transhumance, the maintenance of smaller livestock holdings and pushing households into poverty.
在尼日利亚北部的卡奇亚放牧保护区开展了一项混合方法研究。2011年3月、6月和10月进行的调查包括焦点小组讨论、关键信息人访谈和深入的家庭访谈，内容涉及生计方式、动物健康、所有权和生产力。2011年5月，249户富拉尼家庭因选举后暴力事件逃离，带着牲畜进入该保护区，使家庭数量增加了三分之一。
尽管定居在放牧保护区内，但超过一半的家庭将所有牛群送去季节性游牧，另有三分之一的家庭送了一些牛出去。牛占热带牲畜单位（TLU）总数的96%，其中26%的牛长期饲养在保护区外。虽然所有家庭都将牲畜视为主要收入来源，但90%的家庭种植作物，55%的家庭通过非农业活动获得收入。多重对应分析表明，每户每增加一名成员，其TLU值增加2.0[95%置信区间，1.4 - 2.7]，而每增加一次婚姻，其TLU增加15.7[95%置信区间，7.1 - 24.3]。在小畜群、只有一位妻子的小家庭以及保护区内明显的地理财富差异之间也观察到了强烈的关联。新移民家庭的家庭规模（33人）和牲畜存栏量（122 TLU）比老定居者家庭（22人，67 TLU）更大。在大规模移民之前，人均TLU的分布是单峰的：41%的家庭被归类为“贫困”，27%为“中等”，而移民后则是双峰的，26%被归类为“非常贫困”，28%为“中等”。
虽然牛仍然是富拉尼人收入和财富的主要来源，但卡奇亚放牧保护区的居民已经使其生计策略多样化，以应对不断变化的情况和压力，特别是保护区内放牧资源有限以及外部政治不安全因素，导致持续的游牧、维持较小的牲畜存栏量，并使家庭陷入贫困。
