Albahari Amin, Schultz Carl H
1Emergency Department,Craigavon Area Hospital,Portadown,Craigavon,UK.
2Center for Disaster Medical Sciences,UCI School of Medicine,Irvine,CaliforniaUSA.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017 Jun;32(3):240-248. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X17000164. Epub 2017 Mar 8.
Introduction While the concept of community resilience is gaining traction, the role of spontaneous volunteers during the initial response to disasters remains controversial. In an attempt to resolve some of the debate, investigators examined the activities of a spontaneous volunteer group called Nafeer after the Sudan floods around the city of Khartoum in August of 2013. Hypothesis Can spontaneous volunteers successfully initiate, coordinate, and deliver sustained assistance immediately after a disaster?
This retrospective, descriptive case study involved: (1) interviews with Nafeer members that participated in the disaster response to the Khartoum floods; (2) examination of documents generated during the event; and (3) subsequent benchmarking of their efforts with the Sphere Handbook. Members who agreed to participate were requested to provide all documents in their possession relating to Nafeer. The response by Nafeer was then benchmarked to the Sphere Handbook's six core standards, as well as the 11 minimum standards in essential health services.
A total of 11 individuals were interviewed (six from leadership and five from active members). Nafeer's activities included: food provision; delivery of basic health care; environmental sanitation campaigns; efforts to raise awareness; and construction and strengthening of flood barricades. Its use of electronic platforms and social media to collect data and coordinate the organization's response was effective. Nafeer adopted a flat-management structure, dividing itself into 14 committees. A Coordination Committee was in charge of liaising between all committees. The Health and Sanitation Committee supervised two health days which included mobile medical and dentistry clinics supported by a mobile laboratory and pharmacy. The Engineering Committee managed to construct and maintain flood barricades. Nafeer used crowd-sourcing to fund its activities, receiving donations locally and internationally using supporters outside Sudan. Nafeer completely fulfilled three of Sphere's core standards and partially fulfilled the other three, but none of the essential health services standards were fulfilled. Even though the Sphere Handbook was chosen as the best available "gold standard" to benchmark Nafeer's efforts, it showed significant limitations in effectively measuring this group.
It appears that independent spontaneous volunteer initiatives, like Nafeer, potentially can improve community resilience and play a significant role in the humanitarian response. Such organizations should be the subject of increased research activity. Relevant bodies should consider issuing separate guidelines supporting spontaneous volunteer organizations. Albahari A , Schultz CH . A qualitative analysis of the spontaneous volunteer response to the 2013 Sudan floods: changing the paradigm. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):240-248.
引言 尽管社区恢复力的概念越来越受到关注，但自发志愿者在灾害初期应对中的作用仍存在争议。为了解决一些争议，研究人员调查了一个名为“纳菲尔”的自发志愿者组织在2013年8月喀土穆市周边苏丹洪水后的活动。假设 自发志愿者能否在灾难发生后立即成功启动、协调并提供持续援助？
这项回顾性描述性案例研究包括：（1）对参与喀土穆洪水灾害应对的纳菲尔成员进行访谈；（2）审查事件期间产生的文件；（3）随后将他们的工作与《斯phere手册》进行基准对比。同意参与的成员被要求提供他们所拥有的与纳菲尔有关的所有文件。然后将纳菲尔的应对措施与《斯phere手册》的六项核心标准以及基本卫生服务的11项最低标准进行基准对比。
共采访了11人（6名领导层成员和5名活跃成员）。纳菲尔的活动包括：提供食物；提供基本医疗保健；开展环境卫生运动；提高认识的努力；以及建造和加固防洪堤。它利用电子平台和社交媒体收集数据并协调组织的应对措施，效果显著。纳菲尔采用扁平化管理结构，分为14个委员会。一个协调委员会负责在所有委员会之间进行联络。卫生与环卫委员会监督了两个健康日活动，其中包括由移动实验室和药房支持的流动医疗和牙科诊所。工程委员会成功建造并维护了防洪堤。纳菲尔利用众包为其活动筹集资金，通过苏丹境外的支持者在当地和国际上接受捐赠。纳菲尔完全符合《斯phere手册》的三项核心标准，部分符合其他三项，但没有一项基本卫生服务标准得到满足。尽管选择《斯phere手册》作为衡量纳菲尔工作的最佳可用“黄金标准”，但它在有效衡量这个组织方面存在显著局限性。
像纳菲尔这样的独立自发志愿者倡议似乎有可能提高社区恢复力，并在人道主义应对中发挥重要作用。这类组织应成为更多研究活动的主题。相关机构应考虑发布支持自发志愿者组织的单独指南。阿尔巴哈里A，舒尔茨CH。对2013年苏丹洪水自发志愿者应对的定性分析：改变范式。院前灾难医学。2017；32(3)：240 - 248。
