Inducible Sequential Oxidation Process in Water-Soluble Copper Nanoclusters for Direct Colorimetric Assay of Hydrogen Peroxide in a Wide Dynamic and Sampling Range.

Direct and fast detection methods for HO have great demand in materials science, biology, and medicine. Colorimetric assay of HO has been regarded as one versatile approach that can avoid tedious operation and complicated setup. In this report, we provided a cost-effective and time-saving HO colorimetric assay strategy based on a mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA)-stabilized Cu nanocluster (NC) probe without using any chromogenic reagent. Direct and fast colorimetric detection of HO was realized based on the color change of MSA-capped Cu NCs in aqueous medium. It was found that the Cu NCs presented eligible resistance to natural oxidation either in concentrated solution or in the powder state. However, the dissolved oxygen in a highly diluted solution of the Cu NCs could trigger the aggregation of the Cu NCs and their further fusion into small Cu nanoparticles (NPs). When this diluted solution served as a probe solution for detecting HO, a sequential oxidation process occurred in the newly formed Cu NPs, including the cleavage of MSAs on the surface and conversion of Cu into CuO, leading to the probe with capacity for HO assay in a wide dynamic and sampling range. The sensitive solution color change was attributed to the growth of the Cu NPs (fading of plasmonic absorption) upon the addition of low levels of HO and the transition of the valence states of Cu (color reactions) upon the addition of high levels of HO. A concentration range of HO from 1 μM to 1 M could be detected by a small dose of the probe. Moreover, the Cu NCs powder subsequent to storage for 10 months could maintain a similar sensitivity for HO assay, which provides possibilities for a wide range of practical applications in water samples.