Cunha Isabel, Torres Tiago, Oliveira Helena, Martins Rosário, McGowan Thomas, Sheahan David, Santos Miguel Machado
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIMAR/CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
Health and Environmental Research Center (CISA), Superior School of Health Technology of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Apr;24(11):10510-10518. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-8663-8. Epub 2017 Mar 10.
This study provides toxicity values for early life stages (ELS) of two phylogenetically distinct marine animal taxa, the sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus), a deuterostome invertebrate, and the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), a vertebrate (teleost), when challenged by six hazardous and noxious substances (HNS): aniline, butyl acrylate, m-cresol, cyclohexylbenzene, hexane and trichloroethylene. The aim of the study was to provide preliminary information on toxic effects of representative and relevant priority HNS to assess the risk posed by spills to marine habitats and therefore improve preparedness and the response at the operational level. Selection criteria to include each compound in the study were (1) inclusion in the HASREP (2005) list; (2) presence on the priority list established by Neuparth et al. (2011); (3) paucity of toxicological data (TOXnet and ECOTOX) for marine organisms; (4) behaviour in the water according to the categories defined by the European Behaviour classification system (GESAMP 2002), by selecting compounds with different behaviours in water; and (5) physicochemical and toxicological properties, where available, in order to anticipate the most toxic compounds. Aniline and m-cresol were the most toxic compounds with no observed apical effect concentration (NOAEC) values for sea urchin ranging between 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L, followed by butyl acrylate and cyclohexylbenzene with NOAECs ranging between 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L and trichloroethylene with NOAEC values that were in the range between 1 and 10 mg/L, reflecting their behaviour in water, mostly vapour pressure, but also solubility and log Kow. Hexane was toxic only for turbot embryos, due to its neurotoxic effects, and not for sea urchin larvae, at concentrations in the range between 1 and 10 mg/L. The concentrations tested were of the same order of magnitude for both species, and it was observed that sea urchin embryos (length of the longest arm) are more sensitive than turbot eggs larvae (hatching and cumulative mortality rates) to the HNS tested (except hexane). For this specific compound, concentrations up to 70 mg/L were tested in sea urchin larvae and no effects were observed on the length of the larvae. Both tests were found to be complementary depending on behaviour in water and toxicity target of the compounds analysed.
本研究提供了两种系统发育上不同的海洋动物类群早期生命阶段（ELS）的毒性值，这两类动物分别是海胆（紫球海胆），一种后口动物无脊椎动物，以及大菱鲆，一种脊椎动物（硬骨鱼），它们受到六种有害和有毒物质（HNS）的挑战：苯胺、丙烯酸丁酯、间甲酚、环己基苯、己烷和三氯乙烯。该研究的目的是提供关于代表性和相关优先HNS毒性效应的初步信息，以评估溢油对海洋栖息地造成的风险，从而提高业务层面的防范和应对能力。本研究中纳入每种化合物的选择标准为：（1）列入《有害物质报告》（2005年）清单；（2）列入Neuparth等人（2011年）制定的优先清单；（3）海洋生物的毒理学数据（TOXnet和ECOTOX）匮乏；（4）根据欧洲行为分类系统（GESAMP 2002）定义的类别在水中的行为，通过选择在水中具有不同行为的化合物；以及（5）理化和毒理学特性（如可获得），以便预测毒性最大的化合物。苯胺和间甲酚是毒性最大的化合物，海胆的未观察到顶端效应浓度（NOAEC）值在0.01至0.1毫克/升之间，其次是丙烯酸丁酯和环己基苯，NOAEC值在0.1至1.0毫克/升之间，三氯乙烯的NOAEC值在1至10毫克/升之间，这反映了它们在水中的行为，主要是蒸气压，但也包括溶解度和辛醇/水分配系数对数值。己烷仅对大菱鲆胚胎有毒，因其具有神经毒性作用，而在1至10毫克/升的浓度范围内对海胆幼虫无毒。对这两个物种测试的浓度处于相同数量级，并且观察到海胆胚胎（最长臂的长度）比大菱鲆卵和幼虫（孵化率和累积死亡率）对所测试的HNS（己烷除外）更敏感。对于这种特定化合物，在海胆幼虫中测试了高达70毫克/升的浓度，未观察到对幼虫长度的影响。根据所分析化合物在水中的行为和毒性靶点，发现这两种测试具有互补性。
