Mendonca Patricia, Taka Equar, Bauer David, Cobourne-Duval Makini, Soliman Karam F A
College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
J Neuroimmunol. 2017 Apr 15;305:9-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.011. Epub 2017 Jan 18.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegeneration and dementia in the elderly. Dysregulated, chronic activation of microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, induces the release of excessive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines which has been implicated in the early stages of AD pathology. Therefore, suppressing the expression of these inflammatory mediators may decrease or delay the progression of AD. Many natural compounds derived from plants have shown anti-inflammatory activity. The naturally occurring 1,2,3,4,6 Penta-O-Galloyl-β-d-Glucose (PGG), is a polyphenolic compound highly enriched in Rhus chinensis Millplant. It is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that act through the inhibition of many cytokines in different experimental models. In the present study, we investigated the role of PGG as an anti-inflammatory agent in LPS/IFNγ activated BV-2 microglia cells. Mouse cytokine antibody arrays were used to assess the effect of PGG on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ELISA experiments were performed to validate the results from the arrays. The results obtained from the cytokine arrays, and ELISA assays showed that PGG decreased the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-5 (MCP-5) 8-fold, and pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Pro MMP-9) 10-fold. Both of these cytokines are upregulated during the inflammatory process and have been shown to be involved in brain injury, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, these findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of PGG on activated microglia involving the attenuation of MCP-5 and Pro MMP-9 cytokines.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是老年人神经退行性变和痴呆最常见的病因。脑内常驻巨噬细胞——小胶质细胞的失调性慢性激活会诱导过量促炎细胞因子的释放，这与AD病理的早期阶段有关。因此，抑制这些炎症介质的表达可能会减缓或延迟AD的进展。许多源自植物的天然化合物已显示出抗炎活性。天然存在的1,2,3,4,6 - 五 - O - 没食子酰基 - β - D - 葡萄糖（PGG）是一种在盐肤木中高度富集的多酚化合物。它是一种强效抗炎剂，在不同实验模型中通过抑制多种细胞因子发挥作用。在本研究中，我们调查了PGG作为抗炎剂在脂多糖/干扰素γ激活的BV - 2小胶质细胞中的作用。使用小鼠细胞因子抗体阵列评估PGG对促炎细胞因子释放的影响，并进行酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）实验以验证阵列结果。从细胞因子阵列和ELISA分析获得的结果表明，PGG使单核细胞趋化蛋白 - 5（MCP - 5）的表达降低了8倍，使前基质金属蛋白酶9（Pro MMP - 9）的表达降低了10倍。这两种细胞因子在炎症过程中均上调，并且已被证明与脑损伤、炎症和神经退行性变有关。因此，这些发现表明PGG对活化小胶质细胞的抗炎作用涉及MCP - 5和Pro MMP - 9细胞因子的减弱。
