Shivaji S
Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Prof D Balasubramanian Chair of Research, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Road No 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500 034 India.
Gut Pathog. 2017 Mar 7;9:13. doi: 10.1186/s13099-017-0163-3. eCollection 2017.
"Dysbiosis" in the gut microbiome has been implicated in auto-immune diseases, in inflammatory diseases, in some cancers and mental disorders. The challenge is to unravel the cellular and molecular basis of dysbiosis so as to understand the disease manifestation.
Next generation sequencing and genome enabled technologies have led to the establishment of the composition of gut microbiomes and established that "dysbiosis" is the cause of several diseases. In a few cases the cellular and molecular changes accompanying dysbiosis have been investigated and correlated with the disease. Gut microbiome studies have indicated that controls obesity in mice, protects mice against intestinal inflammation and reverses obesity and insulin resistance by secreting endocannabinoids. In mice polysaccharide antigen A on the surface of , reduces inflammation. Such experiments provide the link between the gut microbiome and human health but implicating dysbiosis with extra-intestinal diseases like arthritis, muscular dystrophy, vaginosis, fibromyalgia, some cancers and mental disorders appears to be more challenging. The relevance of gut microbiome to the eye appears to be very remote. But considering that the eye is the site of inflammatory diseases like uveitis, scleritis, Mooren's corneal ulcer etc. it is possible that these diseases are also influenced by dysbiosis. In mice signals from the gut microbiota activate retina specific T cells that are involved in autoimmune uveitis. Such information would open up new strategies for therapy where the emphasis would be on restoring the diversity in the gut by antibiotic or specific drug use, specific microbe introduction, probiotic use and fecal transplant therapy. The ocular surface microbiome may also be responsible for eye diseases in man but such studies are lacking. Microbiome of the healthy cornea and conjunctiva have been identified. But whether the ocular microbiome exhibits dysbiosis with disease? Whether ocular microbiome is influenced by the gut microbiome? What mediates the cross-talk between the gut and ocular microbiomes? These are questions that need to be addressed to understand idiopathic infections of the eye.
Evaluating diseases remote from the gut would unfold the mysteries of the microbiome.
肠道微生物群的“失调”与自身免疫性疾病、炎症性疾病、某些癌症和精神障碍有关。挑战在于揭示失调的细胞和分子基础，以便理解疾病表现。
下一代测序和基因组技术已促使肠道微生物群组成得以确定，并证实“失调”是多种疾病的病因。在少数情况下，已对伴随失调的细胞和分子变化进行了研究，并将其与疾病关联起来。肠道微生物群研究表明，（此处原文有缺失内容）可控制小鼠肥胖，（此处原文有缺失内容）可保护小鼠免受肠道炎症，（此处原文有缺失内容）通过分泌内源性大麻素逆转肥胖和胰岛素抵抗。在小鼠中，（此处原文有缺失内容）表面的多糖抗原A可减轻炎症。此类实验提供了肠道微生物群与人类健康之间的联系，但要将失调与诸如关节炎、肌肉萎缩症、阴道炎、纤维肌痛、某些癌症和精神障碍等肠道外疾病联系起来似乎更具挑战性。肠道微生物群与眼睛的相关性似乎非常遥远。但鉴于眼睛是葡萄膜炎、巩膜炎、蚕蚀性角膜溃疡等炎症性疾病的发病部位，这些疾病也有可能受到失调的影响。在小鼠中，来自肠道微生物群的信号会激活参与自身免疫性葡萄膜炎的视网膜特异性T细胞。此类信息将开启新的治疗策略，重点将是通过使用抗生素或特定药物、引入特定微生物、使用益生菌和粪便移植疗法来恢复肠道的多样性。眼部表面微生物群也可能是人类眼部疾病的病因，但此类研究尚缺。已确定了健康角膜和结膜的微生物群。但眼部微生物群是否会随疾病出现失调？眼部微生物群是否受肠道微生物群影响？肠道和眼部微生物群之间的相互作用是由什么介导的？这些都是为了解特发性眼部感染而需要解决的问题。
评估远离肠道的疾病将揭开微生物群的奥秘。
