年轻日本女性中病理性口臭、嗅觉参照综合征和社交焦虑之间的关系。
Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women.
机构信息
Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
Graduate School of Human Environment Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan.
出版信息
BMC Psychol. 2017 Mar 14;5(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s40359-017-0176-1.
BACKGROUND
Pathologic subjective halitosis is known as a halitosis complaint without objective confirmation of halitosis by others or by halitometer measurements; it has been reported to be associated with social anxiety disorder. Olfactory reference syndrome is a preoccupation with the false belief that one emits a foul and offensive body odor. Generally, patients with olfactory reference syndrome are concerned with multiple body parts. However, the mouth is known to be the most common source of body odor for those with olfactory reference syndrome, which could imply that the two conditions share similar features. Therefore, we investigated potential causal relationships among pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.
METHODS
A total of 1360 female students (mean age 19.6 ± 1.1 years) answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupation with odors of body parts such as mouth, body, armpits, and feet. The scale for pathologic subjective halitosis followed that developed by Tsunoda et al.; participants were divided into three groups based on their scores (i.e., levels of pathologic subjective halitosis). A Bayesian network was used to analyze causal relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.
RESULTS
We found statistically significant differences in the results for olfactory reference syndrome and social anxiety among the various levels of pathologic subjective halitosis (P < 0.001). Residual analyses indicated that students with severe levels of pathologic subjective halitosis showed greater preoccupations with mouth and body odors (P < 0.05). Bayesian network analysis showed that social anxiety directly influenced pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome. Preoccupations with mouth and body odors also influenced pathologic subjective halitosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Social anxiety may be a causal factor of pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome.
背景
病理性口臭是指一种口臭主诉，但他人或口气计无法客观证实存在口臭；据报道，它与社交焦虑障碍有关。嗅觉参照综合征是一种对自身散发恶臭的错误信念的困扰，这种恶臭被认为是令人不快的。一般来说，嗅觉参照综合征患者对多个身体部位感到困扰。然而，口腔被认为是嗅觉参照综合征患者最常见的体臭来源，这可能意味着这两种情况具有相似的特征。因此，我们调查了病理性口臭、嗅觉参照综合征、社交焦虑和对身体部位气味的困扰之间的潜在因果关系。
方法
共有 1360 名女学生（平均年龄 19.6±1.1 岁）回答了一份关于病理性口臭、嗅觉参照综合征、社交焦虑和对口腔、身体、腋窝和脚部等身体部位气味的困扰的自我管理问卷。病理性口臭的量表采用 Tsunoda 等人开发的量表；根据得分将参与者分为三组（即病理性口臭的水平）。使用贝叶斯网络分析病理性口臭、嗅觉参照综合征、社交焦虑和对身体部位气味的困扰之间的因果关系。
结果
我们发现，在病理性口臭的不同水平之间，嗅觉参照综合征和社交焦虑的结果存在统计学上的显著差异（P<0.001）。残差分析表明，具有严重病理性口臭水平的学生对口腔和身体气味的困扰更大（P<0.05）。贝叶斯网络分析表明，社交焦虑直接影响病理性口臭和嗅觉参照综合征。对口腔和身体气味的困扰也会影响病理性口臭。
结论
社交焦虑可能是病理性口臭和嗅觉参照综合征的一个因果因素。
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