Borchers Andrea T, Chang Christopher, Eric Gershwin M
Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Davis School of Medicine, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2017 Jun;52(3):305-322. doi: 10.1007/s12016-017-8601-z.
There are possibly millions of mold species on earth. The vast majority of these mold spores live in harmony with humans, rarely causing disease. The rare species that does cause disease does so by triggering allergies or asthma, or may be involved in hypersensitivity diseases such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or allergic fungal sinusitis. Other hypersensitivity diseases include those related to occupational or domiciliary exposures to certain mold species, as in the case of Pigeon Breeder's disease, Farmer's lung, or humidifier fever. The final proven category of fungal diseases is through infection, as in the case of onchomycosis or coccidiomycosis. These diseases can be treated using anti-fungal agents. Molds and fungi can also be particularly important in infections that occur in immunocompromised patients. Systemic candidiasis does not occur unless the individual is immunodeficient. Previous reports of "toxic mold syndrome" or "toxic black mold" have been shown to be no more than media hype and mass hysteria, partly stemming from the misinterpreted concept of the "sick building syndrome." There is no scientific evidence that exposure to visible black mold in apartments and buildings can lead to the vague and subjective symptoms of memory loss, inability to focus, fatigue, and headaches that were reported by people who erroneously believed that they were suffering from "mycotoxicosis." Similarly, a causal relationship between cases of infant pulmonary hemorrhage and exposure to "black mold" has never been proven. Finally, there is no evidence of a link between autoimmune disease and mold exposure.
地球上可能存在数以百万计的霉菌物种。这些霉菌孢子绝大多数与人类和谐共存，很少引发疾病。极少数引发疾病的霉菌是通过引发过敏或哮喘，或者可能参与过敏性支气管肺曲霉病或变应性真菌性鼻窦炎等超敏反应性疾病。其他超敏反应性疾病包括与职业或家庭接触某些霉菌物种相关的疾病，如养鸽者病、农民肺或加湿器热。最后一类经证实的真菌疾病是通过感染引起的，如甲癣或球孢子菌病。这些疾病可用抗真菌药物治疗。霉菌和真菌在免疫功能低下患者发生的感染中也可能特别重要。全身性念珠菌病除非个体免疫功能低下否则不会发生。先前关于“毒性霉菌综合征”或“毒性黑霉菌”的报道已被证明不过是媒体炒作和群体癔症，部分源于对“病态建筑综合征”的误解概念。没有科学证据表明在公寓和建筑物中接触可见的黑霉菌会导致那些错误地认为自己患有“霉菌中毒”的人所报告的记忆丧失、注意力不集中、疲劳和头痛等模糊且主观的症状。同样，婴儿肺出血病例与接触“黑霉菌”之间的因果关系从未得到证实。最后，没有证据表明自身免疫性疾病与接触霉菌之间存在联系。
