Elmore Stacey A, Chipman Richard B, Slate Dennis, Huyvaert Kathryn P, VerCauteren Kurt C, Gilbert Amy T
United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, New Hampshire, United States of America.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Mar 16;11(3):e0005249. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005249. eCollection 2017 Mar.
Rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. In the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. However, in North America, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Previous rabies variant elimination in raccoons (Canada), foxes (Europe), and dogs and coyotes (United States) demonstrates that elimination of the raccoon variant from the eastern US is feasible, given an understanding of rabies control costs and benefits and the availability of proper tools. Also critical is a cooperatively produced strategic plan that emphasizes collaborative rabies management among agencies and organizations at the landscape scale. Common management strategies, alone or as part of an integrated approach, include the following: oral rabies vaccination (ORV), trap-vaccinate-release (TVR), and local population reduction. As a complement, mathematical and statistical modeling approaches can guide intervention planning, such as through contact networks, circuit theory, individual-based modeling, and others, which can be used to better understand and predict rabies dynamics through simulated interactions among the host, virus, environment, and control strategy. Strategies derived from this ecological lens can then be optimized to produce a management plan that balances the ecological needs and program financial resources. This paper discusses the management and modeling strategies that are currently used, or have been used in the past, and provides a platform of options for consideration while developing raccoon rabies virus elimination strategies in the US.
狂犬病是一种古老的病毒性疾病，对全球人类和动物健康都有重大影响。在世界上的发展中地区，狗咬伤是人类、家畜和其他动物感染狂犬病的最高风险因素。然而，在北美洲，目前有几种狂犬病病毒变种在野生动物中传播，人类接触浣熊狂犬病变种导致每年人均接受暴露后预防（PEP）的比例最高。此前在浣熊（加拿大）、狐狸（欧洲）以及狗和郊狼（美国）身上消除狂犬病变种的案例表明，鉴于对狂犬病控制成本和效益的了解以及合适工具的可得性，在美国东部消除浣熊变种是可行的。同样关键的是一项合作制定的战略计划，该计划强调在景观尺度上各机构和组织之间的狂犬病协同管理。常见的管理策略，单独使用或作为综合方法的一部分，包括以下几种：口服狂犬病疫苗接种（ORV）、诱捕 - 接种 - 放归（TVR）以及减少当地种群数量。作为补充，数学和统计建模方法可以指导干预规划，例如通过接触网络、电路理论、基于个体的建模等，这些方法可用于通过宿主、病毒、环境和控制策略之间的模拟相互作用，更好地理解和预测狂犬病动态。然后可以优化从这个生态视角得出的策略，以制定一个平衡生态需求和项目财政资源的管理计划。本文讨论了目前正在使用或过去曾使用过的管理和建模策略，并为在美国制定浣熊狂犬病病毒消除策略时可供考虑的选项提供了一个平台。
