Nanotechnology Approaches for Increasing Nutrient Bioavailability.

Health-promoting ingredients such as phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals are being increasingly introduced into foods and beverages to produce "functional foods" specifically designed to improve human health, well-being, and performance. However, it is often challenging to incorporate these nutraceuticals into foods because they have poor solubility characteristics, impart undesirable flavor profiles, are chemically unstable, or have low bioavailability. This problem can often be overcome by encapsulating the bioactive components in nanoparticle-based delivery systems. The bioavailability of encapsulated bioactive agents often increases when the size of the particles containing them decreases, due to their faster digestion, ability to penetrate the mucus layer, or direct uptake by cells. Nanoparticles can be formulated to survive passage through specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract and then release their payload at a specified point, thus maximizing their potential health benefits. Nutraceutical-loaded nanoparticles can be fabricated through lipid formulations, natural nanocarriers, specialized equipment, biopolymer nanoparticles, and miscellaneous techniques. Classification into these five groups is based on the main mechanism or ingredient used to fabricate the nanoparticles. This chapter focuses on the utilization of food-grade nanoparticles for improving the performance of nutraceuticals in functional foods and beverages.