Modulation of host cell apoptotic pathways by intracellular pathogens.

Nearly all steps of the host cell apoptotic cascade can be subverted by intracellular microorganisms. Some pathogens modulate early steps and interfere with sensing of extracellular signals, cellular stress or signal transduction; others target Bcl-2 proteins, caspases, or inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). In many cases the exact molecular mechanisms leading to interference with the host cell apoptotic cascade are still unknown. However, there are some examples where bacterial factors that modulate host cell death have been identified. In this review we will summarize recent findings on how intracellular pathogens or their secreted proteins alter the intrinsic and/or extrinsic host cell apoptotic pathways.