Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Chemosphere. 2017 Jul;178:325-332. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.038. Epub 2017 Mar 15.
The widespread and increasing use of personal care products (PCPs) have led to environmental contamination by substances included in these products. These substances have been detected in aquatic compartments and shown to cause adverse effects on non-target aquatic organisms. In this work toxicity of the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS) and of the UV-filter 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) was assessed in the embryos of Perez' frog Pelophylax perezi. Lethal and sub-lethal parameters were evaluated in embryos in Gosner stage 8-9 exposed to 0.00013-1.3 mg/l of 4-MBC and 0.25-2.50 mg/l of TCS during 144 h. Survival, malformations, length and hatching were evaluated as apical endpoints. Biomarkers of neurotransmission, oxidative stress, energy metabolism and estrogenicity were determined at the biochemical level through the activities of cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and vitellogenin (Vtg). Embryo exposure to 4-MBC led to few developmental malformations (up to 3%) and a GST induction at 0.013 mg/l. Triclosan exposure reduced survival, delayed hatching (at 72 h) and development and induced malformations. In addiction ChE was inhibited in the highest concentrations tested and GST and LDH were induced at 0.79 mg/l, the LOEC registered for TCS in Perez' frogs. Overall, our study showed that TCS might exert adverse effects on P. perezi early life stages, but only at four orders of magnitude above the concentrations found in environment. Furthermore, our results highlight the need to assess PCPs toxicity at different levels of biological organization.
个人护理产品（PCPs）的广泛和日益增加的使用导致这些产品中包含的物质对环境造成了污染。这些物质已在水生环境中被检测到，并被证明对非目标水生生物有不良影响。在这项工作中，评估了抗菌剂三氯生（TCS）和紫外线滤光剂 3-（4-甲基亚苄基）樟脑（4-MBC）对佩雷兹蛙（Pelophylax perezi）胚胎的毒性。在暴露于 0.00013-1.3 mg/l 的 4-MBC 和 0.25-2.50 mg/l 的 TCS 期间，评估了处于 Gosner 阶段 8-9 的胚胎的致死和亚致死参数，持续 144 小时。存活率、畸形、长度和孵化率作为顶端终点进行评估。通过测定胆碱酯酶（ChE）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶（GST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性和脂质过氧化（LPO）和卵黄蛋白原（Vtg）的水平，在生化水平上确定了神经递质、氧化应激、能量代谢和雌激素的生物标志物。胚胎暴露于 4-MBC 导致少数发育畸形（高达 3%）和 0.013 mg/l 时 GST 诱导。三氯生暴露降低了存活率，延迟了孵化（在 72 小时）和发育，并诱导了畸形。此外，在测试的最高浓度下抑制了 ChE，并且在 0.79 mg/l 时诱导了 GST 和 LDH，这是在佩雷兹蛙中登记的 TCS 的 LOEC。总体而言，我们的研究表明，TCS 可能对 P. perezi 的早期生命阶段产生不利影响，但仅在环境中发现的浓度高出四个数量级。此外，我们的结果强调了需要在不同的生物组织水平上评估 PCPs 的毒性。
