CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Oct;28(37):51440-51452. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14235-4. Epub 2021 May 13.
Many personal care products integrate UV-filters, such as 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a compound frequently detected in aquatic habitats, including coastal areas. However, the potential effects of 4-MBC to saltwater species have been poorly studied. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to study the effects of 4-MBC exposure on Solea senegalensis during metamorphosis, a sensitive life stage of this flatfish. To achieve this, fish were exposed to 4-MBC (0.2-2.0 mg L) for 48 h at the beginning of metamorphosis (13 days after hatching, dah). After this period, the fish were transferred to a clean medium. They were fed and maintained until more than 80% of individuals in the control group completed the metamorphosis (24 dah). Mortality, malformations, and metamorphic progression were studied daily. Growth, behavior, and biochemical markers of neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), oxidative stress (catalase, CAT; lipid peroxidation, LPO), detoxification (glutathione S-transferase, GST), and anaerobic metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) were also determined at the end of the experiment. An acceleration of metamorphosis progression was observed during and 2 days after the 4-MBC exposure in all concentrations tested. In addition, reduced length, inhibition of CAT activity, and induction of oxidative damage were observed (lowest observed effect concentration, LOEC = 0.928 mg L 4-MBC for length, CAT, and LPO). Short-term exposure to 4-MBC at the onset of metamorphosis affected S. senegalensis at several levels of organization, even after 9 days in a clean medium, including growth and metamorphic progression, suggesting possible long-term adverse effects in this species.
许多个人护理产品都集成了紫外线过滤器，例如 4-甲基苄叉基樟脑（4-MBC），这是一种在水生栖息地中经常检测到的化合物，包括沿海地区。然而，4-MBC 对海水物种的潜在影响还没有得到充分研究。因此，这项工作的主要目的是研究 4-MBC 暴露对处于变态期的塞内加尔比目鱼（Solea senegalensis）的影响，这是这种比目鱼的一个敏感生命阶段。为了实现这一目标，在变态期开始时（孵化后 13 天，dah），将鱼暴露于 4-MBC（0.2-2.0mg/L）中 48 小时。在此期间后，将鱼转移到清洁的培养基中。它们被喂养并维持，直到对照组中超过 80%的个体完成变态（24dah）。每天研究死亡率、畸形和变态进展。在实验结束时，还测定了生长、行为以及神经传递的生化标志物（乙酰胆碱酯酶，AChE）、氧化应激（过氧化氢酶，CAT；脂质过氧化，LPO）、解毒（谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶，GST）和无氧代谢（乳酸脱氢酶，LDH）。在所有测试浓度下，在暴露期间和暴露后 2 天观察到变态进展加速。此外，观察到长度缩短、CAT 活性抑制和氧化损伤诱导（长度、CAT 和 LPO 的最低观察到的效应浓度，LOEC=0.928mg/L4-MBC）。在变态开始时短期暴露于 4-MBC 会影响塞内加尔比目鱼在多个组织水平上，即使在清洁培养基中 9 天后也是如此，包括生长和变态进展，这表明该物种可能存在长期的不利影响。
