Walker Natasha, Filis Panagiotis, Soffientini Ugo, Bellingham Michelle, O'Shaughnessy Peter J, Fowler Paul A
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Biol Reprod. 2017 Apr 1;96(4):733-742. doi: 10.1093/biolre/iox012.
The placenta is a critical organ during pregnancy, essential for the provision of an optimal intrauterine environment, with fetal survival, growth, and development relying on correct placental function. It must allow nutritional compounds and relevant hormones to pass into the fetal bloodstream and metabolic waste products to be cleared. It also acts as a semipermeable barrier to potentially harmful chemicals, both endogenous and exogenous. Transporter proteins allow for bidirectional transport and are found in the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta and endothelium of fetal capillaries. The major transporter families in the human placenta are ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC), and insufficiency of these transporters may lead to deleterious effects on the fetus. Transporter expression levels are gestation-dependent and this is of considerable clinical interest as levels of drug resistance may be altered from one trimester to the next. This highlights the importance of these transporters in mediating correct and timely transplacental passage of essential compounds but also for efflux of potentially toxic drugs and xenobiotics. We review the current literature on placental molecular transporters with respect to their localization and ontogeny, the influence of fetal sex, and the relevance of animal models. We conclude that a paucity of information exists, and further studies are required to unlock the enigma of this dynamic organ.
胎盘是孕期的一个关键器官，对于提供最佳的子宫内环境至关重要，胎儿的存活、生长和发育依赖于胎盘的正常功能。它必须允许营养化合物和相关激素进入胎儿血液循环，并清除代谢废物。它还作为一道半透膜屏障，抵御内源性和外源性潜在有害化学物质。转运蛋白允许双向运输，存在于胎盘的合体滋养层和胎儿毛细血管内皮中。人类胎盘中的主要转运蛋白家族是ATP结合盒（ABC）和溶质载体（SLC），这些转运蛋白功能不足可能会对胎儿产生有害影响。转运蛋白的表达水平取决于孕周，这具有相当大的临床意义，因为耐药性水平可能在孕期的不同阶段发生变化。这凸显了这些转运蛋白在介导必需化合物正确、及时地通过胎盘方面的重要性，同时也对潜在有毒药物和外源性物质的外排很重要。我们综述了当前关于胎盘分子转运蛋白的文献，涉及它们的定位和个体发生、胎儿性别的影响以及动物模型的相关性。我们得出结论，现有信息匮乏，需要进一步研究来解开这个动态器官的谜团。
