Akerman Ashley Paul, Tipton Michael, Minson Christopher T, Cotter James David
School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Division of Sciences, University of Otago , New Zealand.
Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth , UK.
Temperature (Austin). 2016 Jul 27;3(3):412-436. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216255. eCollection 2016.
Physiological systems respond acutely to stress to minimize homeostatic disturbance, and typically adapt to chronic stress to enhance tolerance to that or a related stressor. It is legitimate to ask whether dehydration is a valuable stressor in stimulating adaptation . While hypoxia has had long-standing interest by athletes and researchers as an ergogenic aid, heat and nutritional stressors have had little interest until the past decade. Heat and dehydration are highly interlinked in their causation and the physiological strain they induce, so their individual roles in adaptation are difficult to delineate. The effectiveness of heat acclimation as an ergogenic aid remains unclear for team sport and endurance athletes despite several recent studies on this topic. Very few studies have examined the potential ergogenic (or ergolytic) adaptations to ecologically-valid dehydration as a stressor in its own right, despite longstanding evidence of relevant fluid-regulatory adaptations from short-term hypohydration. Transient and self-limiting dehydration (e.g., as constrained by thirst), as with most forms of stress, might have a time and a place in physiological or behavioral adaptations independently or by exacerbating other stressors (esp. heat); it cannot be dismissed without the appropriate evidence. The present review did not identify such evidence. Future research should identify how the magnitude and timing of dehydration might augment or interfere with the adaptive processes in behaviorally constrained versus unconstrained humans.
生理系统会对压力做出急性反应，以尽量减少内稳态的干扰，并且通常会适应慢性压力，以增强对该压力或相关压力源的耐受性。提出脱水是否是刺激适应性的一种有价值的压力源这一问题是合理的。虽然低氧作为一种提高运动能力的辅助手段，长期以来一直受到运动员和研究人员的关注，但直到过去十年，热应激和营养应激源才受到较少关注。热应激和脱水在其成因以及它们所诱发的生理应激方面高度相关，因此它们在适应性方面的各自作用难以界定。尽管最近有几项关于这一主题的研究，但热适应作为一种提高运动能力的辅助手段对团队运动和耐力运动员的有效性仍不明确。尽管长期以来有证据表明短期轻度脱水会导致相关的液体调节适应，但很少有研究考察了对生态有效脱水作为一种压力源本身的潜在提高运动能力（或降低运动能力）的适应性。与大多数形式的压力一样，短暂的、自我限制的脱水（例如，受口渴限制）在生理或行为适应中，可能在特定的时间和情况下独立地或通过加剧其他压力源（尤其是热应激）发挥作用；如果没有适当的证据，就不能忽视它。本综述未发现此类证据。未来的研究应确定脱水的程度和时间如何增强或干扰行为受限与不受限人群的适应性过程。
