1 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
2 The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Assessment. 2019 Apr;26(3):351-363. doi: 10.1177/1073191117700268. Epub 2017 Mar 29.
Contamination with positivity bias is a potential problem in virtually all areas of psychological assessment. To determine the impact of positivity bias, one common approach is to embed special indicators within one's assessment battery. Such tools range from social desirability scales to overconfidence measures to the so-called overclaiming technique. Despite the large literature on these different approaches and underlying theoretical notions, little is known about the overall nomological network-in particular, the degree to which these constructs overlap. To this end, a broad spectrum of positivity bias detection tools was administered in low-stakes settings ( N = 798) along with measures of the Big Five, grandiose narcissism, and cognitive ability. Exploratory factor analyses revealed six first-order and two second-order factors. Overclaiming was not loaded by any of the six first-order factors and overconfidence was not explained by either of the two second-order factors. All other measures were confounded with personality and/or cognitive ability. Based on our findings, overclaiming is the most distinct potential indicator of positivity bias and independent of known personality measures.
在心理评估的几乎所有领域，都存在受正性偏向污染的潜在问题。为了确定正性偏向的影响，一种常用的方法是在评估工具包中嵌入特殊指标。这些工具的范围从社会期望量表到过度自信测量，再到所谓的夸大声称技术。尽管有大量关于这些不同方法和潜在理论概念的文献，但人们对整体关联性网络知之甚少——特别是这些结构重叠的程度。为此，在低风险环境下（N=798），我们对广泛的正性偏向检测工具和大五人格、浮夸型自恋和认知能力的测量进行了管理。探索性因素分析显示有六个一阶因素和两个二阶因素。夸大声称没有被六个一阶因素中的任何一个所负载，过度自信也没有被两个二阶因素中的任何一个所解释。所有其他的测量都与人格和/或认知能力相混淆。基于我们的发现，夸大声称是最独特的正性偏向潜在指标，与已知的人格测量无关。
