van de Wouw Marcel, Schellekens Harriët, Dinan Timothy G, Cryan John F
Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience.
APC Microbiome Institute, and.
J Nutr. 2017 May;147(5):727-745. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.240481. Epub 2017 Mar 29.
The gut harbors an enormous diversity of microbes that are essential for the maintenance of homeostasis in health and disease. A growing body of evidence supports the role of this microbiota in influencing host appetite and food intake. Individual species within the gut microbiota are under selective pressure arising from nutrients available and other bacterial species present. Each bacterial species within the gut aims to increase its own fitness, habitat, and survival via specific fermentation of dietary nutrients and secretion of metabolites, many of which can influence host appetite and eating behavior by directly affecting nutrient sensing and appetite and satiety-regulating systems. These include microbiota-produced neuroactives and short-chain fatty acids. In addition, the gut microbiota is able to manipulate intestinal barrier function, interact with bile acid metabolism, modulate the immune system, and influence host antigen production, thus indirectly affecting eating behavior. A growing body of evidence indicates that there is a crucial role for the microbiota in regulating different aspects of eating-related behavior, as well as behavioral comorbidities of eating and metabolic disorders. The importance of intestinal microbiota composition has now been shown in obesity, anorexia nervosa, and forms of severe acute malnutrition. Understanding the mechanisms in which the gut microbiota can influence host appetite and metabolism will provide a better understanding of conditions wherein appetite is dysregulated, such as obesity and other metabolic or eating disorders, leading to novel biotherapeutic strategies.
肠道中栖息着种类繁多的微生物，它们对于维持健康和疾病状态下的体内平衡至关重要。越来越多的证据支持这种微生物群在影响宿主食欲和食物摄入方面的作用。肠道微生物群中的单个物种面临着来自可用营养物质和其他存在的细菌物种所产生的选择压力。肠道内的每种细菌都旨在通过对膳食营养物质的特定发酵和代谢产物的分泌来提高自身的适应性、栖息地和存活率，其中许多代谢产物可通过直接影响营养感知以及食欲和饱腹感调节系统来影响宿主的食欲和进食行为。这些物质包括微生物群产生的神经活性物质和短链脂肪酸。此外，肠道微生物群能够操纵肠道屏障功能，与胆汁酸代谢相互作用，调节免疫系统，并影响宿主抗原产生，从而间接影响进食行为。越来越多的证据表明，微生物群在调节与进食相关行为的不同方面以及进食和代谢紊乱的行为共病方面起着关键作用。肠道微生物群组成的重要性现已在肥胖症、神经性厌食症和严重急性营养不良的形式中得到体现。了解肠道微生物群影响宿主食欲和代谢的机制将有助于更好地理解食欲失调的情况，如肥胖症和其他代谢或进食障碍，从而带来新的生物治疗策略。
