Solanke Adebayo, Talalaj Lukasz, Graham Claire, Alegria Henry
Department of Environmental Science, Geography & Policy, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, 1601 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd., Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
Toxics. 2025 Jun 16;13(6):508. doi: 10.3390/toxics13060508.
As polybrominated diphenyl ethers were phased out as flame retardants and plasticizers, increasing quantities of organophosphate triesters (OPEs) have been used as replacements. Despite a surge in reports on levels and profiles of OPEs, especially in indoor environments, and the potential exposure, there are still understudied areas with no data on the levels of these chemicals. We carried out the first study investigating levels and profiles of OPEs in indoor dust from such an area, the Tampa Bay (Florida) area. ∑OPEs measured at each site ranged from 545 to 502,086 ng g, with overall medians and means over 64 sites of 15,447 and 36,135 ng g, respectively. Alkyl OPEs were predominant, with lesser levels of chlorinated and aryl OPEs. Median levels were highest for tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) at 4641 and 1046 ng g, respectively; lower for tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (T2CPP), and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) at 530, 458, and 360 ng g, respectively; with others ranging from 2 to 85 ng g. There were differences in levels in different microenvironments (urban versus suburban; non-residential versus residential; apartments versus single-family homes; daycares versus residences and university rooms; building age; and rooms with different floor material). Estimated daily intakes for median and higher exposure scenarios for ∑OPEs (in ng kg bw day) were 12 and 552 for toddlers and 6 and 451 for adults, respectively. TBOEP accounted for 30% of total intake for toddlers and adults in a mean exposure scenario but 90% for high exposure scenario.
随着多溴二苯醚作为阻燃剂和增塑剂逐步被淘汰,有机磷酸三酯(OPEs)作为替代品的使用量不断增加。尽管关于OPEs含量和分布的报告激增,尤其是在室内环境中,以及潜在暴露情况,但仍有一些研究不足的领域,没有这些化学品含量的数据。我们开展了第一项研究,调查来自佛罗里达州坦帕湾这一地区室内灰尘中OPEs的含量和分布。每个采样点测得的总OPEs含量在545至502,086纳克/克之间,64个采样点的总体中位数和均值分别为15,447和36,135纳克/克。烷基OPEs占主导地位,氯化和芳基OPEs含量较低。磷酸三(2-丁氧基乙基)酯(TBOEP)和磷酸三苯酯(TPHP)的中位数含量最高,分别为4641和1046纳克/克;磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯(TDCIPP)、磷酸三(2-氯丙基)酯(T2CPP)和磷酸三(2-氯异丙基)酯(TCIPP)的含量较低,分别为530、458和360纳克/克;其他的含量在2至85纳克/克之间。不同微环境(城市与郊区;非住宅与住宅;公寓与独栋房屋;日托中心与住宅及大学房间;建筑年代;以及地板材料不同的房间)中的含量存在差异。∑OPEs在幼儿和成人的中位数和高暴露情况下的估计每日摄入量(以纳克/千克体重·天计)分别为12和552(幼儿)以及6和451(成人)。在平均暴露情况下,TBOEP占幼儿和成人总摄入量的30%,但在高暴露情况下占90%。