Castorina Rosemary, Bradman Asa, Stapleton Heather M, Butt Craig, Avery Dylan, Harley Kim G, Gunier Robert B, Holland Nina, Eskenazi Brenda
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Chemosphere. 2017 Dec;189:574-580. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.037. Epub 2017 Sep 12.
Flame retardants are commonly used in consumer products found in U.S. households. Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants have resulted in increased use of replacement chemicals, including Firemaster 550 (FM 550) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs): tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP); tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP); tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP); and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Animal research suggests that PFRs may affect neurodevelopment through noncholinergic mechanisms similar to some organophosphate (OP) pesticides. Despite the widespread presence of these compounds in home environments, and their structural similarity to neurotoxic OP pesticides, understanding of human exposure and health effects of PFRs is limited. We measured four urinary PFR metabolites from pregnant women in the CHAMACOS birth cohort study (n = 310) and assessed neurodevelopment of their children at age 7. Metabolites of TDCIPP (BDCIPP: bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) and TPHP (DPHP: diphenyl phosphate) were detected in >75% of urine samples, and isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), a metabolite of one component of FM 550, was detected in 72% of urine samples. We observed decreases of 2.9 points (95% Confidence Interval (CI): -6.3, 0.5) and 3.9 points (95% CI: -7.3,-0.5) in Full-Scale intelligence quotient and Working Memory, respectively, for each ten-fold increase in DPHP in adjusted regression models (n = 248). Decreases in Full-Scale IQ and Working Memory were greater in models of the molar sum of the PFR metabolites compared to the DPHP models. This is the first study to examine PFR and FM 550 exposures and potential neurodevelopmental outcomes in pregnant women and children. Additional research is warranted.
阻燃剂常用于美国家庭中的消费品。多溴二苯醚阻燃剂使用限制导致替代化学品使用增加，包括Firemaster 550（FM 550）和有机磷酸酯阻燃剂（PFRs）：磷酸三（1,3 - 二氯 - 2 - 丙基）酯（TDCIPP）；磷酸三（氯丙基）酯（TCIPP）；磷酸三（2 - 氯乙基）酯（TCEP）；以及磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）。动物研究表明，PFRs可能通过与某些有机磷酸酯（OP）农药类似的非胆碱能机制影响神经发育。尽管这些化合物在家庭环境中广泛存在，且其结构与神经毒性OP农药相似，但对PFRs的人体暴露和健康影响的了解有限。在CHAMACOS出生队列研究中（n = 310），我们测量了孕妇尿液中的四种PFR代谢物，并在其孩子7岁时评估了神经发育情况。在超过75%的尿液样本中检测到了TDCIPP（BDCIPP：磷酸双（1,3 - 二氯 - 2 - 丙基）酯）和TPHP（DPHP：磷酸二苯酯）的代谢物，在72%的尿液样本中检测到了FM 550一种成分的代谢物异丙基苯基苯基磷酸酯（ip - PPP）。在调整后的回归模型中（n = 248），DPHP每增加10倍，我们观察到全量表智商和工作记忆分别下降2.9分（95%置信区间（CI）：-6.3, 0.5）和3.9分（95% CI：-7.3, -0.5）。与DPHP模型相比，在PFR代谢物摩尔总和模型中，全量表智商和工作记忆的下降幅度更大。这是第一项研究孕妇和儿童中PFR和FM 550暴露以及潜在神经发育结局的研究。有必要进行更多研究。
