Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
CASHP, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Sci Rep. 2017 Apr 4;7(1):608. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-00548-3.
Common chimps and bonobos are our closest living relatives but almost nothing is known about bonobo internal anatomy. We present the first phylogenetic analysis to include musculoskeletal data obtained from a recent dissection of bonobos. Notably, chimpanzees, and in particular bonobos, provide a remarkable case of evolutionary stasis for since the chimpanzee-human split c.8 Ma among >120 head-neck (HN) and forelimb (FL) muscles there were only four minor changes in the chimpanzee clade, and all were reversions to the ancestral condition. Moreover, since the common chimpanzee-bonobo split c.2 Ma there have been no changes in bonobos, so with respect to HN-FL musculature bonobos are the better model for the last common ancestor (LCA) of chimpanzees/bonobos and humans. Moreover, in the hindlimb there are only two muscle absence/presence differences between common chimpanzees and bonobos. Puzzlingly, there is an evolutionary mosaicism between each of these species and humans. We discuss these data in the context of available genomic information and debates on whether the common chimpanzee-bonobo divergence is linked to heterochrony.
普通黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩是我们现存的近亲，但对倭黑猩猩的内部解剖结构几乎一无所知。我们首次进行了系统发育分析，其中包括最近对倭黑猩猩进行解剖获得的肌肉骨骼数据。值得注意的是，黑猩猩，特别是倭黑猩猩，在 800 万年前的人类和黑猩猩分化之后，在 120 多个头颈部（HN）和前肢（FL）肌肉中，仅有 4 个小的变化，而且都是向祖先状态的回复。此外，自从 200 万年前普通黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩分化以来，倭黑猩猩没有任何变化，因此，就 HN-FL 肌肉而言，倭黑猩猩是黑猩猩/倭黑猩猩和人类的最后共同祖先（LCA）的更好模型。此外，在后肢中，普通黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩之间仅有两个肌肉缺失/存在差异。令人费解的是，这些物种与人类之间存在着一种进化镶嵌现象。我们在可用基因组信息的背景下讨论了这些数据，并就普通黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的分歧是否与异时性有关展开了辩论。
