Lima N C, Mishra K, Mugele F
Opt Express. 2017 Mar 20;25(6):6700-6711. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.006700.
By means of numerical simulations, using a computational fluid dynamics software together with an optical ray tracing analysis platform, we show that we can tune various optical aberrations by electrically manipulating the shape of liquid lenses using one hundred individually addressable electrodes. To demonstrate the flexibility of our design, we define electrode patterns based on specific Zernike modes and show that aspherical, cylindrical and decentered shapes of liquid lenses can be produced. Using different voltages, we evaluate the tuning range of spherical aberration (Z11), astigmatism (Z5 and Z6) and coma (Z7), while a hydrostatic pressure is applied to control the average curvature of a microlens with a diameter of 1mm. Upon activating all electrodes simultaneously spherical aberrations of 0.15 waves at a pressure of 30Pa can be suppressed almost completely for the highest voltages applied. For astigmatic and comatic patterns, the values of Z5, Z6 and Z7 increase monotonically with the voltage reaching values up to 0.06, 0.06 and 0.2 waves, respectively. Spot diagrams, wavefront maps and modulation transfer function are reported to quantify the optical performance of each lens. Crosstalk and independence of tunability are discussed in the context of possible applications of the approach for general wavefront shaping.
通过数值模拟，利用计算流体动力学软件以及光线追踪分析平台，我们表明可以通过使用一百个可单独寻址的电极对液体透镜的形状进行电操控，从而调节各种光学像差。为了展示我们设计的灵活性，我们基于特定的泽尼克模式定义电极图案，并表明可以产生液体透镜的非球面、柱面和偏心形状。使用不同的电压，我们评估了球差（Z11）、像散（Z5和Z6）和彗差（Z7）的调节范围，同时施加静水压力以控制直径为1mm的微透镜的平均曲率。在同时激活所有电极时，对于所施加的最高电压，在30Pa的压力下，0.15波的球差几乎可以完全被抑制。对于像散和彗差图案，Z5、Z6和Z7的值随着电压单调增加，分别达到0.06、0.06和0.2波的值。报告了光斑图、波前图和调制传递函数，以量化每个透镜的光学性能。在该方法用于一般波前整形的可能应用背景下，讨论了串扰和可调性的独立性。
