Heikura Ida A, Burke Louise M, Mero Antti A, Uusitalo Arja Leena Tuulia, Stellingwerff Trent
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017 Aug;27(4):297-304. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0317. Epub 2017 Apr 7.
We investigated one week of dietary microperiodization in elite female (n = 23) and male (n = 15) runners and race-walkers by examining the frequency of training sessions and recovery periods conducted with recommended carbohydrate (CHO) and protein availability. Food and training diaries were recorded in relation to HARD (intense or >90min sessions; KEY) versus RECOVERY days (other-than KEY sessions; EASY). The targets for amount and timing of CHO and protein around KEY sessions were based on current nutrition recommendations. Relative daily energy and CHO intake was significantly (p < .05) higher in males (224 ± 26 kJ/kg/d, 7.3 ± 1.4 g/kg/d CHO) than females (204 ± 29 kJ/kg/d, 6.2 ± 1.1 g/kg/d CHO) on HARD days. However, when adjusted for training volume (km), there was no sex-based difference in CHO intake daily (HARD: 0.42 ± 0.14 vs 0.39 ± 0.15 g/kg/km). Females appeared to periodize energy and protein intake with greater intakes on HARD training days (204 ± 29 vs 187 ± 35 kJ/kg/d, p = .004; 2.0 ± 0.3 vs 1.9 ± 0.3 g/kg/d protein, p = .013), while males did not periodize intakes. Females showed a pattern of periodization of postexercise CHO for KEY vs EASY (0.9 ± 0.4 vs 0.5 ± 0.3 g/kg; p < .05) while males had higher intakes but only modest periodization (1.3 ± 0.9 vs 1.0 ± 0.4; p = .32). There was only modest evidence from female athletes of systematic microperiodization of eating patterns to meet contemporary sports nutrition guidelines. While this pattern of periodization was absent in males, in general they consumed more energy and CHO daily and around training sessions compared with females. Elite endurance athletes do not seem to systematically follow the most recent sports nutrition guidelines of periodized nutrition.
我们通过检查在推荐的碳水化合物（CHO）和蛋白质供应情况下进行训练课程和恢复阶段的频率，对23名精英女性和15名精英男性跑步运动员及竞走运动员进行了为期一周的饮食微周期化研究。记录了与高强度（激烈或时长超过90分钟的课程；关键日）和恢复日（非关键日课程；轻松日）相关的食物和训练日记。关键日前后CHO和蛋白质的数量及时间目标基于当前的营养建议。在高强度日，男性的每日相对能量和CHO摄入量（224±26千焦/千克/天，7.3±1.4克/千克/天CHO）显著高于女性（204±29千焦/千克/天，6.2±1.1克/千克/天CHO）（p<.05）。然而，在根据训练量（公里数）进行调整后，每日CHO摄入量不存在基于性别的差异（高强度日：0.42±0.14对0.39±0.15克/千克/公里）。女性似乎在高强度训练日摄入更多能量和蛋白质，呈现出能量和蛋白质摄入量的周期化模式（204±29对187±35千焦/千克/天，p=.004；2.0±0.3对1.9±0.3克/千克/天蛋白质，p=.013），而男性没有呈现摄入量的周期化。女性在关键日与轻松日的运动后CHO摄入呈现出周期化模式（0.9±0.4对0.5±0.3克/千克；p<.05），而男性摄入量更高但只有适度的周期化（1.3±0.9对1.0±0.4；p=.32）。只有少量证据表明女性运动员有系统的饮食模式微周期化以符合当代运动营养指南。虽然男性不存在这种周期化模式，但总体而言，他们与女性相比，每日以及在训练期间消耗更多的能量和CHO。精英耐力运动员似乎没有系统地遵循最新的周期性营养运动营养指南。
