Heikura Ida A, Stellingwerff Trent, Mero Antti A, Uusitalo Arja Leena Tuulia, Burke Louise M
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017 Aug;27(4):351-360. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0316. Epub 2017 Mar 24.
Contemporary nutrition guidelines promote a variety of periodized and time-sensitive recommendations, but current information regarding the knowledge and practice of these strategies among world-class athletes is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate this theme by implementing a questionnaire on dietary periodization practices in national/international level female (n = 27) and male (n = 21) middle- and long-distance runners/race-walkers. The questionnaire aimed to gain information on between and within-day dietary choices, as well as timing of pre- and posttraining meals and practices of training with low or high carbohydrate (CHO) availability. Data are shown as percentage (%) of all athletes, with differences in responses between subgroups (sex or event) shown as Chi-square x when p < .05. Nearly two-thirds of all athletes reported that they aim to eat more food on, or after, hard training days. Most athletes said they focus on adequate fueling (96%) and adequate CHO and protein (PRO) recovery (87%) around key sessions. Twenty-six percent of athletes (11% of middle vs 42% of long-distance athletes [x (1, n = 46) = 4.308, p = .038, phi = 0.3])) reported to undertake training in the fasted state, while 11% said they periodically restrict CHO intake, with 30% ingesting CHO during training sessions. Our findings show that elite endurance athletes appear to execute pre- and post-key session nutrition recovery recommendations. However, very few athletes deliberately undertake some contemporary dietary periodization approaches, such as training in the fasted state or periodically restricting CHO intake. This study suggests mismatches between athlete practice and current and developing sports nutrition guidelines.
当代营养指南提出了各种阶段性和时间敏感性的建议，但目前关于世界级运动员对这些策略的认知和实践的信息有限。本研究的目的是通过对国家/国际水平的女子（n = 27）和男子（n = 21）中长跑运动员/竞走运动员进行饮食周期化实践问卷调查来调查这一主题。该问卷旨在获取有关日间和日内饮食选择的信息，以及训练前和训练后餐食的时间安排，以及在低碳水化合物（CHO）或高碳水化合物供应情况下的训练实践。数据以所有运动员的百分比（%）表示，亚组（性别或项目）之间的反应差异在p <.05时以卡方χ表示。近三分之二的运动员报告说，他们的目标是在高强度训练日当天或之后多吃食物。大多数运动员表示，他们在关键训练时段注重充足的能量补充（96%）以及充足的碳水化合物和蛋白质（PRO）恢复（87%）。26%的运动员（11%的中距离运动员与42%的长距离运动员相比[x (1, n = 46) = 4.308, p =.038, φ = 0.3]）报告在空腹状态下进行训练，而11%的运动员表示他们会定期限制碳水化合物的摄入量，30%的运动员在训练期间摄入碳水化合物。我们的研究结果表明，精英耐力运动员似乎执行了关键训练时段前后的营养恢复建议。然而，很少有运动员刻意采用一些当代饮食周期化方法，如在空腹状态下训练或定期限制碳水化合物的摄入量。这项研究表明运动员的实践与当前和正在制定的运动营养指南之间存在脱节。
