Gender differences in the bacteriology of rhinosinusitis.

Evaluating gender differences in pathogens involving sinonasal tract disease in patients undergoing nasal surgery for chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis (C/R RS). Retrospective analysis of 164 positive sinonasal swab cultures taken during endoscopic sinonasal surgery between the years 2006 and 2013. Study population included 79 (48.8%) female patients and 84 (51/2%) males with a mean age of 47.3 (13-88) years. Positive Staphylococcal growth was found in 38 (23.2%) patients, positive anaerobic growth in 25 (15.2%) patients and 67 (40.9%) patients had polymicrobial growth. Staphylococcal growth in the male population was significantly higher compared to the female population (p = 0.04). Odds ratio for a polymicrobial infection in males over 60 years old compared to females was 2.17 (CI 0.63-8.08, 95%). Anaerobes were found to be more frequent in males (17.9%) than in females (12.5%). Species of Streptococci showed no difference between gender and age groups. The results obtained suggest a difference between the causing pathogens in C/R RS between females and males. In the male population, staphylococcal species were found to be significantly more common with a greater tendency to polymicrobial pathogens and higher rates of anaerobes. These results might suggest different management protocols perioperatively in males and females.