a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland.
b Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology , Dübendorf , Switzerland.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2017 Jul;47(6):509-535. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288024. Epub 2017 Apr 20.
Despite frequent field observations of impaired immune response and increased disease incidence in contaminant-exposed wildlife populations, immunotoxic effects are rarely considered in ecotoxicological risk assessment. The aim of this study was to review the literature on immunotoxic effects of chemicals in fish to quantitatively evaluate (i) which experimental approaches were used to assess immunotoxic effects, (ii) whether immune markers exist to screen for potential immunotoxic activities of chemicals, and (iii) how predictive those parameters are for adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence and disease resistance. A total of 241 publications on fish immunotoxicity were quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions included: (i) To date, fish immunotoxicology focused mainly on innate immune responses and immunosuppressive effects. (ii) In numerous studies, the experimental conditions are poorly documented, as for instance age or sex of the fish or the rationale for the selected exposure conditions is often missing. (iii) Although a broad variety of parameters were used to assess immunotoxicity, the rationale for the choice of measured parameters was often not given, remaining unclear how they link to the suspected immunotoxic mode of action of the chemicals. (iv) At the current state of knowledge, it is impossible to identify a set of immune parameters that could reliably screen for immunotoxic potentials of chemicals. (v) Similarly, in fish immunotoxicology there is insufficient understanding of how and when chemical-induced modulations of molecular/cellular immune changes relate to adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence, although this would be crucial to include immunotoxicity in ecotoxicological risk assessment.
尽管在受污染物暴露的野生动物种群中经常观察到免疫反应受损和疾病发病率增加，但在生态毒理学风险评估中很少考虑免疫毒性效应。本研究的目的是综述化学物质对鱼类的免疫毒性效应的文献，以定量评估：（i）用于评估免疫毒性效应的实验方法；（ii）是否存在免疫标志物来筛选化学物质的潜在免疫毒性活性；以及（iii）这些参数对鱼类免疫能力和疾病抵抗力的不利改变的预测能力。共对 241 篇鱼类免疫毒性文献进行了定量分析。主要结论包括：（i）迄今为止，鱼类免疫毒理学主要集中在先天免疫反应和免疫抑制作用上。（ii）在许多研究中，实验条件记录不佳，例如鱼类的年龄或性别，或选择暴露条件的理由往往缺失。（iii）尽管使用了多种参数来评估免疫毒性，但选择测量参数的理由往往没有给出，不清楚它们如何与化学物质的可疑免疫毒性作用模式相关联。（iv）在当前的知识状态下，不可能确定一组免疫参数，可以可靠地筛选化学物质的免疫毒性潜力。（v）同样，在鱼类免疫毒理学中，对于化学物质诱导的分子/细胞免疫变化如何以及何时与鱼类免疫能力的不利改变相关，了解还不够充分，尽管这对于将免疫毒性纳入生态毒理学风险评估至关重要。
