Immonen Tuomas, Brymer Eric, Orth Dominic, Davids Keith, Feletti Francesco, Liukkonen Jarmo, Jaakkola Timo
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
Sports Med Open. 2017 Dec;3(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s40798-017-0084-1. Epub 2017 Apr 26.
Previous research has considered action and adventure sports using a variety of associated terms and definitions which has led to confusing discourse and contradictory research findings. Traditional narratives have typically considered participation exclusively as the pastime of young people with abnormal characteristics or personalities having unhealthy and pathological tendencies to take risks because of the need for thrill, excitement or an adrenaline 'rush'. Conversely, recent research has linked even the most extreme forms of action and adventure sports to positive physical and psychological health and well-being outcomes. Here, we argue that traditional frameworks have led to definitions, which, as currently used by researchers, ignore key elements constituting the essential merit of these sports. In this paper, we suggest that this lack of conceptual clarity in understanding cognitions, perception and action in action and adventure sports requires a comprehensive explanatory framework, ecological dynamics which considers person-environment interactions from a multidisciplinary perspective. Action and adventure sports can be fundamentally conceptualized as activities which flourish through creative exploration of novel movement experiences, continuously expanding and evolving beyond predetermined environmental, physical, psychological or sociocultural boundaries. The outcome is the emergence of a rich variety of participation styles and philosophical differences within and across activities. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (a) to point out some limitations of existing research on action and adventure sports; (b) based on key ideas from emerging research and an ecological dynamics approach, to propose a holistic multidisciplinary model for defining and understanding action and adventure sports that may better guide future research and practical implications.
以往的研究在探讨极限运动时使用了各种相关术语和定义，这导致了论述的混乱和研究结果的矛盾。传统的叙述通常将极限运动参与者仅仅视为具有异常特征或性格的年轻人的消遣方式，这些人由于对刺激、兴奋或肾上腺素 “飙升” 的需求，具有不健康和病态的冒险倾向。相反，最近的研究表明，即使是最极端形式的极限运动也与积极的身心健康和幸福感相关。在此，我们认为传统框架所产生的定义，如研究人员目前所使用的那样，忽略了构成这些运动本质价值的关键要素。在本文中，我们认为在理解极限运动中的认知、感知和行动方面缺乏概念清晰度，这需要一个全面的解释框架，即生态动力学，它从多学科角度考虑人与环境的相互作用。极限运动从根本上可以被概念化为通过对新颖运动体验的创造性探索而蓬勃发展的活动，不断超越预定的环境、身体、心理或社会文化界限进行扩展和演变。其结果是在各种活动内部和之间出现了丰富多样的参与方式和哲学差异。本文的目的有两个：(a) 指出现有极限运动研究的一些局限性；(b) 基于新兴研究的关键思想和生态动力学方法，提出一个整体的多学科模型，用于定义和理解极限运动，这可能更好地指导未来的研究和实际应用。
