Center for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Mol Biol Evol. 2013 Apr;30(4):824-32. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mss261. Epub 2012 Nov 22.
Zooarcheological evidence suggests that pigs were domesticated in Southwest Asia ~8,500 BC. They then spread across the Middle and Near East and westward into Europe alongside early agriculturalists. European pigs were either domesticated independently or more likely appeared so as a result of admixture between introduced pigs and European wild boar. As a result, European wild boar mtDNA lineages replaced Near Eastern/Anatolian mtDNA signatures in Europe and subsequently replaced indigenous domestic pig lineages in Anatolia. The specific details of these processes, however, remain unknown. To address questions related to early pig domestication, dispersal, and turnover in the Near East, we analyzed ancient mitochondrial DNA and dental geometric morphometric variation in 393 ancient pig specimens representing 48 archeological sites (from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic to the Medieval period) from Armenia, Cyprus, Georgia, Iran, Syria, and Turkey. Our results reveal the first genetic signatures of early domestic pigs in the Near Eastern Neolithic core zone. We also demonstrate that these early pigs differed genetically from those in western Anatolia that were introduced to Europe during the Neolithic expansion. In addition, we present a significantly more refined chronology for the introduction of European domestic pigs into Asia Minor that took place during the Bronze Age, at least 900 years earlier than previously detected. By the 5th century AD, European signatures completely replaced the endemic lineages possibly coinciding with the widespread demographic and societal changes that occurred during the Anatolian Bronze and Iron Ages.
考古学证据表明,猪大约在公元前 8500 年被驯化于西南亚地区。之后,它们随着早期的农民一起扩散到中东和近东,并向西传入欧洲。欧洲的猪可能是独立驯化的,也可能是由于引入的猪与欧洲野猪之间的混合而出现的。因此,欧洲野猪的 mtDNA 谱系取代了欧洲的近东/安纳托利亚 mtDNA 特征,并随后取代了安纳托利亚的本土家猪谱系。然而,这些过程的具体细节仍然未知。为了解决近东地区早期猪的驯化、扩散和更替的问题,我们分析了来自亚美尼亚、塞浦路斯、格鲁吉亚、伊朗、叙利亚和土耳其的 393 个古代猪标本(代表了从新石器时代早期到中世纪的 48 个考古遗址)的古线粒体 DNA 和牙齿几何形态变异。我们的结果揭示了近东新石器时代核心地区早期家猪的第一个遗传特征。我们还证明,这些早期的猪在基因上与那些在新石器时代扩张期间被引入欧洲的西部安纳托利亚的猪不同。此外,我们提出了一个更为精细的欧洲家猪传入小亚细亚的年代框架,该框架发生在青铜时代,比之前检测到的时间至少早了 900 年。到公元 5 世纪,欧洲的特征谱系完全取代了本土谱系,这可能与安纳托利亚青铜和铁器时代发生的广泛的人口和社会变化同时发生。