Chelinho S, Maleita C M N, Francisco R, Braga M E M, da Cunha M J M, Abrantes I, de Sousa H C, Morais P V, Sousa J P
CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal.
CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal; CIEPQPF - Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, Pólo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, P-3030 790, Coimbra, Portugal.
Chemosphere. 2017 Aug;181:579-588. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.092. Epub 2017 Apr 21.
The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NTQ), a natural-origin compound presenting nematicidal activity, that can be obtained from walnut husk, in plants and soil invertebrates, including non-target soil nematode communities. This research was part of an ongoing project that aims to develop environmentally-friendly nematicides obtained from agricultural residues. The battery of ISO tests included emergence and growth of corn (Zea mays) and rape (Brassica napus); avoidance with the earthworm Eisenia andrei and the collembolan Folsomia candida; and reproduction with the previous species plus the enchytraeid Enchytraeus crypticus. A novel soil nematode community assay was also performed. ISO tests and nematode assays were conducted using a natural uncontaminated soil that was spiked with a range of 1,4-NTQ concentrations. Toxicity of 1,4-NTQ was found for all test-species and the most sensitive were F. candida and E. andrei. After 7 days of exposure to 1,4-NTQ, nematode abundance decreased along the concentration gradient, and a partial recovery was observed after 14 days (1,4-NTQ <48 mg kg soil). The number of nematode families consistently decreased in both periods. Overall, results indicate that a 1,4-NTQ concentration of <20 mg kg could be environmentally safe but preliminary data suggest that it might be ineffective for the target-nematodes, root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. In addition, if higher dosages of 1,4-NTQ bionematicide are necessary, the potential recovery of non-target organisms under real field scenarios also needs to be assessed.
本研究的主要目的是评估1,4-萘醌（1,4-NTQ）的生态毒理学效应。1,4-NTQ是一种具有杀线虫活性的天然来源化合物，可从核桃壳中提取，本研究考察其对植物和土壤无脊椎动物（包括非靶标土壤线虫群落）的影响。该研究是一个正在进行的项目的一部分，该项目旨在开发从农业残留物中获取的环境友好型杀线虫剂。一系列ISO测试包括玉米（Zea mays）和油菜（Brassica napus）的出苗和生长；蚯蚓（Eisenia andrei）和弹尾虫（Folsomia candida）的回避试验；以及上述物种与隐尾虫（Enchytraeus crypticus）的繁殖试验。还进行了一项新型土壤线虫群落试验。ISO测试和线虫试验使用的是天然未受污染的土壤，并添加了一系列浓度的1,4-NTQ。研究发现，1,4-NTQ对所有测试物种均有毒性，其中最敏感的是F. candida和E. andrei。暴露于1,4-NTQ 7天后，线虫丰度沿浓度梯度下降，14天后观察到部分恢复（1,4-NTQ<48 mg/kg土壤）。两个时期内线虫科的数量持续减少。总体而言，结果表明，1,4-NTQ浓度<20 mg/kg可能对环境安全，但初步数据表明，它可能对靶标线虫、根结线虫（Meloidogyne spp.）和根腐线虫（Pratylenchus spp.）无效。此外，如果需要更高剂量的1,4-NTQ生物杀线虫剂，还需要评估实际田间场景下非靶标生物的潜在恢复情况。
