Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Mexico.
Department of Research and Food Science Graduate Program, University of Sonora, Mexico.
Chemosphere. 2017 Aug;181:682-689. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.110. Epub 2017 Apr 24.
Vector-borne diseases have increased pesticide use in urban areas (UA) and agricultural areas (AA) in Mexico. Breast milk can be contaminated by pesticide exposure. The objective of the study was to measure breast milk intake by deuterium oxide dilution as well as organochlorine and pyrethroid transfer from mother to infant in AA and UA of Sonora, Mexico. Human milk intake was determined by the 'dose-to-mother' technique using deuterium oxide (DO) dilution. Mothers' body composition was also assessed by this technique and the intercept method. Pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin and cyhalothrin) and organochlorine pesticide residues (p,p'- DDT, p,p'- DDE, p,p'- DDD) in breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography. Sixty-two lactating women and their infants participated in the study, 32 lived in the UA and 30 lived in the AA. Breast milk intake was approximately 100 mL higher in the AA than in the UA 799 ± 193 and 707 ± 201 mL/day, respectively (p < 0.05). The concentrations of p,p'- DDT and cypermethrin levels in breast milk were higher in the UA than in the AA (p < 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively). None of the pyrethroids and organochlorine pesticides studied surpassed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in milk for humans according to EPA and FAO/WHO. In conclusion, breast milk intake was higher in the AA compared to the UA. The p,p'- DDT and cypermethrin levels in breast milk were higher in the UA compared to the AA. Since pesticide levels in human milk did not exceed the ADI, breastfeeding is still a safe practice and should be encouraged.
在墨西哥，城市地区（UA）和农业地区（AA）的虫媒传染病增加了农药的使用。母乳可能会受到农药暴露的污染。本研究的目的是测量墨西哥索诺拉州 AA 和 UA 地区通过氘氧化稀释以及从母亲到婴儿的有机氯和拟除虫菊酯转移的母乳摄入量。通过氘氧化（DO）稀释使用“剂量到母亲”技术确定人乳摄入量。还通过该技术和截距法评估母亲的身体成分。通过气相色谱法测量母乳样品中的拟除虫菊酯（溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯）和有机氯农药残留（p,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD）。62 名哺乳期妇女及其婴儿参加了这项研究，32 人居住在 UA，30 人居住在 AA。AA 地区的母乳喂养量比 UA 地区高约 100 mL，分别为 799±193 和 707±201 mL/天（p<0.05）。UA 地区母乳中 p,p'-DDT 和氯菊酯的浓度高于 AA（p<0.05 和 p=0.001，分别）。根据 EPA 和 FAO/WHO，研究中没有一种拟除虫菊酯和有机氯农药的含量超过人类母乳的可接受日摄入量（ADI）。总之，与 UA 相比，AA 地区的母乳喂养量更高。与 AA 相比，UA 地区母乳中的 p,p'-DDT 和氯菊酯含量更高。由于人乳中的农药水平未超过 ADI，母乳喂养仍然是一种安全的做法，应予以鼓励。
