School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, and China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Dec 1;599-600:237-245. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.237. Epub 2017 May 4.
A national survey of three currently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in human milk was conducted in 2011. Human milk from 16 provinces of China were collected, pooled and measured. The estimated daily intake (EDI) via human milk ingestion for nursing infant and the related health risks were evaluated. The median levels of TBBPA, HBCD and BDE-209 were 1.21, 6.83 and 0.556ng/g lipid weight (lw), respectively. Levels of BDE-209 were lower than those of TBBPA, indicating that the production and application of deca-BDE in China has been below that of TBBPA after the restriction of PBDEs. Moreover, contamination levels of TBBPA and HBCD in this survey were higher than those observed in last national survey conducted in 2007, indicating an increase of TBBPA and HBCD in the environment from 2007 to 2011. The mean estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of TBBPA, HBCD and BDE-209 via human milk for 1-6months old infant were 39.2, 51.7 and 3.65ng/kgbw/day, respectively. For risk assessment, margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated by comparing the BMDL (benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10%) to the EDI of each BFR. Large MOEs indicates that the estimated dietary exposure to these three BFRs for nursing infant is unlikely to raise significant health concerns. Compared with some currently used novel BFRs which also measured in this survey, higher contamination levels were found in some non-PBDE BFRs, indicating that the consumption pattern of BFRs has shifted from PBDEs to non-PBDE BFRs in China.
2011 年进行了一项针对中国母乳中三种常用溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）——四溴双酚 A（TBBPA）、六溴环十二烷（HBCD）和十溴二苯醚（BDE-209）的全国性调查。收集、混合并测量了来自中国 16 个省份的母乳。评估了通过母乳喂养摄入对哺乳期婴儿的每日估计摄入量（EDI）和相关健康风险。TBBPA、HBCD 和 BDE-209 的中值水平分别为 1.21、6.83 和 0.556ng/g 脂质重量（lw）。BDE-209 的水平低于 TBBPA，表明在中国限制 PBDEs 后，十溴二苯醚的生产和应用已经低于十溴二苯醚。此外，本调查中 TBBPA 和 HBCD 的污染水平高于 2007 年进行的上一次全国调查，表明 2007 年至 2011 年期间环境中 TBBPA 和 HBCD 的含量有所增加。通过母乳摄入，1-6 个月大婴儿对 TBBPA、HBCD 和 BDE-209 的每日估计摄入量（EDI）分别为 39.2、51.7 和 3.65ng/kgbw/day。对于风险评估，通过将 BMDL（基准剂量下限，用于 10%基准响应）与每种 BFR 的 EDI 进行比较来计算暴露边际（MOE）。较大的 MOE 表明，哺乳期婴儿对这些三种 BFR 的估计膳食暴露不太可能引起显著的健康问题。与本调查中测量的一些目前使用的新型 BFR 相比，一些非 PBDE BFR 的污染水平更高，表明中国 BFR 的消费模式已从 PBDEs 转移到非 PBDE BFRs。
