Inferring Genetic Variation and Demographic History of Franch. (Magnoliaceae) from Chloroplast DNA Sequences and Microsatellite Markers.

Franch., is a traditional ornamental, aromatic, and medicinal shrub that endemic to Yunnan Province in southwest China. Although the species has a large distribution pattern and is abundant in Yunnan Province, the populations are dramatically declining because of overexploitation and habitat destruction. Studies on the genetic variation and demography of endemic species are necessary to develop effective conservation and management strategies. To generate such knowledge, we used 3 pairs of universal cpDNA markers and 10 pairs of microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history of 7 populations. We calculated a total of 88 alleles for 10 polymorphic loci and 10 haplotypes for a combined 2,089 bp of cpDNA. populations showed high genetic diversity ( = 0.551 for nuclear markers and = 0.471 for cpDNA markers) and low genetic differentiation ( = 0.058). Geographical structure was not found among populations. Genetic distance and geographic distance were not correlated ( > 0.05), which indicated that geographic isolation is not the primary cause of the low genetic differentiation of . Additionally, populations contracted ~20,000-30,000 years ago, and no recent expansion occurred in current populations. Results indicated that the high genetic diversity of the species and within its populations holds promise for effective genetic resource management and sustainable utilization. Thus, we suggest that the conservation and management of should address exotic overexploitation and habitat destruction.