Ghosh Arunava, Nethery Rachel C, Herring Amy H, Tarran Robert
Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Cell Death Discov. 2017 Apr 24;3:17019. doi: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.19. eCollection 2017.
Addition of flavors reduces the harsh taste of tobacco, facilitating the initiation and maintenance of addiction among youths. Flavored cigarettes (except menthol) are now banned. However, the legislation on little cigars remains unclear and flavored little cigars are currently available for purchase. Since inhaled tobacco smoke directly exerts toxic effects on the lungs, we tested whether non-flavored and flavored little cigar smoke exposure had the potential for harm in cultured pulmonary epithelia. We cultured Calu-3 lung epithelia on both 96-well plates and at the air-liquid interface and exposed them to smoke from non-flavored Swisher Sweets and flavored (sweet cherry, grape, menthol, peach and strawberry) Swisher Sweets little cigars. Irrespective of flavor, acute little cigar smoke exposure (10×35 ml puffs) significantly increased cell death and decreased the percentage of live cells. Chronic exposure (10×35 ml puffs per day for 4 days) of smoke to Calu-3 cultures significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase release, further indicating toxicity. To determine whether this exposure was associated with increased cell death/apoptosis, a protein array was used. Chronic exposure to smoke from all types of little cigars induced the activation of the two major apoptosis pathways, namely the intrinsic (mitochondrial-mediated) and the extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) pathways. Both flavored and non-flavored little cigar smoke caused similar levels of toxicity and activation of apoptosis, suggesting that flavored and non-flavored little cigars are equally harmful. Hence, the manufacture, advertisement, sale and use of both non-flavored and flavored little cigars should be strictly controlled.
添加香料可减少烟草的刺鼻味道，从而便于青少年开始吸烟并维持烟瘾。调味香烟（薄荷醇香烟除外）现已被禁止。然而，关于小雪茄的立法仍不明确，目前仍可购买到调味小雪茄。由于吸入的烟草烟雾会直接对肺部产生毒性作用，我们测试了接触无味和调味小雪茄烟雾是否会对培养的肺上皮细胞造成伤害。我们在96孔板和气液界面上培养Calu-3肺上皮细胞，并让它们接触来自无味Swisher Sweets和调味（甜樱桃、葡萄、薄荷醇、桃子和草莓味）Swisher Sweets小雪茄的烟雾。无论何种口味，急性接触小雪茄烟雾（10次×35毫升抽吸）均会显著增加细胞死亡，并降低活细胞百分比。将烟雾长期暴露（每天10次×35毫升抽吸，持续4天）于Calu-3培养物中，会显著增加乳酸脱氢酶的释放，进一步表明存在毒性。为了确定这种暴露是否与细胞死亡/凋亡增加有关，我们使用了蛋白质阵列。长期接触所有类型小雪茄的烟雾会诱导两种主要凋亡途径的激活，即内在（线粒体介导）途径和外在（死亡受体介导）途径。调味和无味小雪茄烟雾造成的毒性水平和凋亡激活程度相似，这表明调味和无味小雪茄同样有害。因此，应严格控制无味和调味小雪茄的生产、广告宣传、销售和使用。
