Purvis Ole William
Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK.
Bot Stud. 2014 Dec;55(1):23. doi: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-23. Epub 2014 Feb 4.
One of the most successful mechanisms enabling fungi to survive in extreme subaerial environments is by formation of mutualistic symbioses with algae and/or cyanobacteria as lichens. Collections, field and mineral weathering studies and developments in modern instrumental and analytical techniques have considerably advanced knowledge in understanding tolerance mechanisms to stress, environmental adaptation, species concepts and evolutionary processes in lichens colonising metalliferous habitats. This review focuses on the predominantly saxicolous, crustose, taxonomically notoriously challenging Acarospora sens. lat. Pioneering studies investigating element and substance localization in Acarospora sens. lat. in different geological terrains led to the discovery of novel fixation mechanisms, new minerals and substances associated with lichens, and new taxa and evolutionary lineages. Acarospora sens. lat. are generally under-represented in collections. Systematic sampling of Acarospora sens. lat. and other saxicolous lichens, in different mineralogical environments is now required, a priority being those occurring in extreme habitats at risk from climatic and other environmental changes. The potential for the discovery of new lichen and mineral species associated with Acarospora and other saxicolous crustose lichens, is high. These may represent special mechanisms to tolerate metal toxicity and other forms of environmental stress, including photoprotection.
使真菌能够在极端气生环境中生存的最成功机制之一是与藻类和/或蓝细菌形成共生关系，即地衣。采集、实地研究以及矿物风化研究，还有现代仪器和分析技术的发展，都极大地推动了我们对定殖于含金属栖息地的地衣的胁迫耐受机制、环境适应性、物种概念和进化过程的理解。本综述聚焦于主要生长在岩石上、壳状、分类学上极具挑战性的广义阿克藻属。对广义阿克藻属在不同地质地形中元素和物质定位的开创性研究，促成了新的固定机制、与地衣相关的新矿物和物质，以及新分类群和进化谱系的发现。广义阿克藻属在标本收集中通常代表性不足。现在需要对广义阿克藻属和其他石生地衣在不同矿物学环境中进行系统采样，优先考虑那些出现在受气候和其他环境变化威胁的极端栖息地中的地衣。发现与阿克藻属及其他石生壳状地衣相关的新地衣和矿物物种的潜力很大。这些可能代表了耐受金属毒性和其他形式环境胁迫（包括光保护）的特殊机制。
