Castagnola M, Scarano E, Passali G C, Messana I, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Di Cintio G, Fiorita A, De Corso E, Paludetti G
Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare C.N.R. Rome, Italy.
Department of Head and Neck Surgery, "A. Gemelli" Hospital Foundation, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2017 Apr;37(2):94-101. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-1598.
Saliva testing is a non-invasive and inexpensive test that can serve as a source of information useful for diagnosis of disease. As we enter the era of genomic technologies and -omic research, collection of saliva has increased. Recent proteomic platforms have analysed the human salivary proteome and characterised about 3000 differentially expressed proteins and peptides: in saliva, more than 90% of proteins in weight are derived from the secretion of three couples of "major" glands; all the other components are derived from minor glands, gingival crevicular fluid, mucosal exudates and oral microflora. The most common aim of proteomic analysis is to discriminate between physiological and pathological conditions. A proteomic protocol to analyze the whole saliva proteome is not currently available. It is possible distinguish two type of proteomic platforms: top-down proteomics investigates intact naturally-occurring structure of a protein under examination; bottom-up proteomics analyses peptide fragments after pre-digestion (typically with trypsin). Because of this heterogeneity, many different biomarkers may be proposed for the same pathology. The salivary proteome has been characterised in several diseases: oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia, chronic graft-versus-host disease Sjögren's syndrome and other autoimmune disorders such as SAPHO, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and genetic diseases like Down's Syndrome and Wilson disease. The results of research reported herein suggest that in the near future human saliva will be a relevant diagnostic fluid for clinical diagnosis and prognosis.
唾液检测是一种非侵入性且成本低廉的检测方法，可作为疾病诊断的有用信息来源。随着我们进入基因组技术和组学研究时代，唾液采集量有所增加。最近的蛋白质组学平台分析了人类唾液蛋白质组，并鉴定出约3000种差异表达的蛋白质和肽：在唾液中，超过90%的蛋白质重量来自三对“主要”腺体的分泌；所有其他成分则来自小腺体、龈沟液、黏膜渗出物和口腔微生物群。蛋白质组学分析最常见的目的是区分生理和病理状况。目前尚无分析全唾液蛋白质组的蛋白质组学方案。可以区分两种类型的蛋白质组学平台：自上而下的蛋白质组学研究被检测蛋白质完整的天然结构；自下而上的蛋白质组学分析预消化后（通常用胰蛋白酶）的肽片段。由于这种异质性，针对同一病理状况可能会提出许多不同的生物标志物。唾液蛋白质组已在多种疾病中得到表征：口腔鳞状细胞癌和口腔白斑、慢性移植物抗宿主病、干燥综合征和其他自身免疫性疾病，如滑膜炎、痤疮、脓疱病、骨肥厚、骨炎综合征（SAPHO）、精神分裂症和双相情感障碍，以及唐氏综合征和威尔逊病等遗传疾病。本文报道的研究结果表明，在不久的将来，人类唾液将成为临床诊断和预后的重要诊断液。
