Awad Elham, Awaad Amani
Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2017 Aug;67:40-54. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.034. Epub 2017 May 16.
Disease outbreaks increase proportionally with increases in intensive aquaculture. Natural products including medicinal plants have been known from thousands of years for treating some human diseases. It is well known that many active compounds are responsible for potential bio-activities. For that reason, there has been considerable interest in the use of medicinal plants in aquaculture with a view to providing safe and eco-friendly compounds for replacing antibiotics and chemical compounds as well as to enhance immune status and control fish diseases. This article describes a wide range of medicinal plants such as herbs, seeds, and spices with different forms such as crude, extracts, mixed and active compounds, used as immunostimulants and resulting in a marked enhancement in the immune system of fish to prevent and control microbial diseases. Moreover, different activity was recorded from plant parts like seeds, roots, flowers and leaves. The mode of action of medicinal plants was stimulation of the cellular and humoral immune response which was monitored through elevation in immune parameters. Various levels of immune stimulation have been shown by medicinal plants at different concentrations through injection or immersion or oral administration. However, it is critically important to determine the optimal dose to enhance the immune system of fish and avoid the risk of immunosuppression. Some medicinal plants have been used to replace the protein in fishmeal as a cheap source of protein and proved to be efficient in this respect. Medicinal plants can act as a growth promoter and immunomodulator at the same time. Further investigations should be carried out to examine the influence of those plants on fish health (including physiological and histological parameters) as a preliminary step for use in large scale in aquaculture. The current review describes the role of medicinal plants and their derivatives on innate and adaptive immune status as well as growth performance in fish.
疾病暴发与集约化水产养殖的增加成正比。包括药用植物在内的天然产物数千年来一直被用于治疗某些人类疾病。众所周知，许多活性化合物具有潜在的生物活性。因此，人们对在水产养殖中使用药用植物产生了浓厚兴趣，目的是提供安全且环保的化合物来替代抗生素和化学化合物，同时增强免疫状态并控制鱼类疾病。本文介绍了多种药用植物，如草药、种子和香料，它们有不同的形式，如 crude、提取物、混合物和活性化合物，用作免疫刺激剂，能显著增强鱼类的免疫系统以预防和控制微生物疾病。此外，从种子、根、花和叶等植物部位记录到了不同的活性。药用植物的作用方式是刺激细胞免疫和体液免疫反应，这通过免疫参数的升高来监测。药用植物通过注射、浸泡或口服在不同浓度下表现出不同程度的免疫刺激。然而，确定最佳剂量以增强鱼类免疫系统并避免免疫抑制风险至关重要。一些药用植物已被用于替代鱼粉中的蛋白质作为廉价的蛋白质来源，并且在这方面已被证明是有效的。药用植物可以同时作为生长促进剂和免疫调节剂。应进一步开展研究，以检查这些植物对鱼类健康（包括生理和组织学参数）的影响，作为在水产养殖中大规模使用的初步步骤。本综述描述了药用植物及其衍生物对鱼类先天和适应性免疫状态以及生长性能的作用。
